The geek with a cynical view

Saturday, March 27, 2021

SUPREME COURT OF CANADA Reference re Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act Case in Brief

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The Supreme Court of Canada rules the federal carbon pricing law is constitutional.

Parliament passed the Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act in 2018, based on the consensus that greenhouse gas emissions contribute to global climate change. Countries around the world committed to drastically reduce their greenhouse gas emissions under the 2015 Paris Agreement. In Canada, the federal government passed the Act to implement its commitments.

Specifically, the law required provinces and territories to implement carbon gas pricing systems by January 1, 2019 or adopt one imposed by the federal government.

Why is the federal Act constitutional?

Chief Justice Richard Wagner wrote for the majority of the judges, which found the Act to be constitutional. They noted that global warming causes harm beyond provincial boundaries and that it is a matter of national concern under the “peace, order and good government” clause of the Constitution.

The majority noted the Act would only apply where provincial or territorial pricing systems are not strict enough to reduce global warming.

A rarely applied doctrine of Canadian constitutional law

The majority noted that national concern is a well-established but rarely applied doctrine of Canadian constitutional law. The application of this doctrine is strictly limited in order to maintain the autonomy of the provinces and respect the diversity of confederation. However, the federal government has the authority to act in appropriate cases, where there is a matter of genuine national concern and where the recognition of that matter is consistent with the division of powers.

Federalism

The Constitution divides federal and provincial powers. The majority of judges observed that Canada, which has a federal system of governance, requires a balance between federal and provincial powers. They recalled that this concept, known as federalism, is a foundational principle of Canada’s Constitution.

Not a tax

The majority noted that the term “carbon tax” is often used to describe the pricing of carbon emissions. However, they said this has nothing to do with the concept of taxation, as understood in the constitutional context. As such, they also concluded that the fuel and excess emission charges imposed by the Act were constitutionally valid regulatory charges and not taxes.

How did the case get to the Supreme Court?

Three provinces – Saskatchewan, Ontario and Alberta – challenged the constitutionality of the Act by referring the legislation to their respective courts of appeal. The courts of appeal for Saskatchewan and Ontario found the Act constitutional, while the Alberta Court of Appeal found it unconstitutional.

The question for the Supreme Court was whether the federal government had the authority to pass such a law that puts a price on carbon.

What were the main arguments?

The provinces said they had their own climate policies, tailored to their own circumstances. They also argued that they have jurisdiction over natural resources.

For its part, the federal government argued that it has the authority to address issues that are national in scope. It also maintained that the law was a backstop (or safety net) to ensure minimum carbon pricing standards across the country.

Climate change is real

https://www.scc-csc.ca/case-dossier/cb/2021/38663-38781-39116-eng.aspx

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Thursday, March 25, 2021

Reference re Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act Collection Supreme Court Judgments Date 2021-03-25 Neutral citation 2021 SCC 11 Case number 38663, 38781, 39116 Judges Wagner, Richard; Abella, Rosalie Silberman; Moldaver, Michael J.; Karakatsanis, Andromache; Côté, Suzanne; Brown, Russell; Rowe, Malcolm; Martin, Sheilah; Kasirer, Nicholas On appeal from Saskatchewan, Ontario, Alberta Subjects Constitutional lawSCC Case Information: 38663, 38781, 39116

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Supreme Court Judgments

Geenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act , 2021 SCC 11

Appeals Heard: September 22, 23, 2020

Judgment Rendered: March 25, 2021

Dockets: 38663, 38781, 39116

Longtail Aviation Boeing 747-412BCF jet cargoliner, registration VQ-BWT,

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Longtail Aviation

Incidents and accidents

On 20 February 2021, a Longtail Boeing 747-412BCF jet cargoliner, registration VQ-BWT, operating as flight 6T5504/LGT5504, had an engine failure above the village of Meerssen, shortly after taking off from Maastricht Aachen Airport on the way to John F. Kennedy International Airport. Dropped turbine blades from the exploded Pratt & Whitney PW4056 jet engine lightly injured two persons on the ground. The plane was able to land safely at Liège Airport.[4][5][6][7][8]

Dutch safety board is investigating

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United Airlines Flight 328

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United Airlines Flight 328 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Denver to Honolulu, Hawaii on February 20, 2021; the Boeing 777-222 operating the route on that date suffered an apparently contained engine failure shortly after takeoff,[1] that nevertheless resulted in a debris field at least 1 mile (1.6 km) wide over the Commons Park suburb of Broomfield, Colorado and surrounding area.[2][3][4][5][6] Falling debris from the affected engine cowling was recorded by eyewitnesses using smartphone cameras and a dash cam.[7][8][9]

The flight landed safely with no injuries or loss of life to those in the aircraft or on the ground.[10] Although the aircraft landed safely, the engine failure resulted in damage to the engine, an in-flight engine fire, and damage to the airplane.[11] The failed engine was a Pratt & Whitney model PW4077 turbofan.[12] The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration immediately issued an Emergency Airworthiness Directive requiring U.S. operators of airplanes equipped with similar Pratt & Whitney PW4000 series engines to inspect these engines' fan blades before further flight.[11] The U.S. National Transportation Safety Board is investigating the aircraft engine incident.

Contents

Aircraft

The aircraft involved was a Boeing 777-222 registered as N772UA (c/n 26930/Line no.5).[13] The aircraft was built in November 1994[14] and delivered to United in September 1995. The aircraft is fitted with two Pratt & Whitney PW4077 engines.[13]

Originally the aircraft started out as WA005, one of the original Boeing 777-200s that took part in the flight test certification program prior to its entry into commercial service.[15][14]

On the day of the incident the aircraft had arrived in Denver from Chicago O'Hare International Airport (ORD) as UA flight 2465, departing at 9:37 a.m. CST and arriving at 10:50 a.m. MST.[16]

Incident

United 328 departed from Denver International Airport's Runway 25 uneventfully at 12:15 local time,[17] but while climbing through 13,000 feet (4,000 m), there was an internal failure within the right engine. This resulted in some of the engine cowling becoming detached, causing it to fall to the ground, along with other engine parts. The pilots contacted air traffic control and the airliner subsequently landed safely at Runway 26 at 13:37 local time. No one on the ground or in the aircraft was injured, though flying debris resulted in a large hole in the wing to body fairing.[18][19]

Passengers were re-booked on UA flight 3025 – operated by a different Boeing 777, N773UA, a sister ship to N772UA immediately ahead of it on the production line[20] – that took off from DEN to HNL hours later. On February 13, 2018, originating from San Francisco as United Airlines Flight 1175, N773UA had a similar engine failure and loss of the engine cowling 120 miles from its destination of Honolulu, where it made a safe emergency landing.[21] Boeing has been working on a redesign for a replacement fan cowl as a result of that incident, according to documents reviewed by the Wall Street Journal.[22]

Another 777-289, JA8978, operated as Japan Air Lines Flight 904 from Okinawa-Naha Airport (OKA) on December 4, 2020, also experienced a similar fan blade out failure and partial loss of the fan cowl six minutes after takeoff;[23] it returned to OKA and landed safely, but the Japan Transport Safety Board considered it a “serious incident” and launched an investigation.[24]

Investigation

Photograph showing damage to the right engine cowling, including the loss of the inlet fairing and fan doors (NTSB photo)

The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) is investigating the incident.[9] A senior investigator living in the Denver area immediately coordinated with first responders. Three other investigators from the NTSB's Denver regional office are assisting. It was noted upon initial inspection that the inlet and the cowling had separated from the engine and that two fan blades had fractured, one near its root and an adjacent one about mid-span; a portion of one blade was embedded in the containment ring. The remainder of the fan blades exhibited damage to the tips and leading edges.[1]

On February 22, 2021, National Transportation Safety Board Chairman Robert Sumwalt announced that the damage to the fan blade is consistent with metal fatigue, according to a preliminary assessment.[25][26] It is unclear whether the failure is consistent with other failures attributed to metal fatigue in a fan blade in a February 2018 United Airlines flight and a December 2020 Japan Airlines flight.[25] Sumwalt also said that "by our strictest definition"[27] NTSB did not consider the incident an uncontained engine failure because "the containment ring contained the parts as they were flying out."[28] The NTSB will look into why the engine cowling separated from the aircraft and why there was a fire, despite indications that the fuel supply to the engine had been turned off.[25]

Pratt & Whitney PW4000

Damage to PW4000 hollow fan blades from UA328 (NTSB photo)

There have been previous reports of PW4000 engine failures. In December 2020, Japan Airlines Flight JL904 operating a Boeing 777 suffered a failure of the same engine type at around 16,000 to 17,000 feet.[29]

On February 13, 2018, United 1175 en route from San Francisco to Honolulu suffered from an engine failure over the Pacific. The aircraft was also a Boeing 777-222, N773UA, with an identical configuration to N772UA operating United 328. The aircraft subsequently landed safely in Honolulu with no injuries or loss of life. The NTSB eventually determined that the fan blade inside the engine fractured, leading to the failure.[21] The investigation faulted Pratt & Whitney for not doing more stringent inspections.[30] The aircraft was eventually repaired and returned to service.[21]

On the same day as United 328, a Boeing 747-400BCF belonging to Longtail Aviation experienced an uncontained engine failure, shortly after departing Maastricht Airport in the Netherlands.[31] Two people were injured by the falling debris.[32] The 747-400BCF was powered by PW4056 engines, an earlier version of the PW4000 engine.[31]

Reactions

After the accident of UA328, the Japanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism ordered the grounding of 32 Boeing 777 aircraft operated by Japan Airlines and All Nippon Airways.[33] The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) ordered increased inspections of Boeing 777 aircraft with PW4000 engines;[34] United Airlines had preemptively removed all such airliners (of which it has 28 in storage, and 24 in use) from active service.[34][35]

On February 22, 2021, following an Emergency Airworthiness Directive, Boeing confirmed that it had grounded worldwide all 128 of its Boeing 777 aircraft equipped with certain Pratt & Whitney PW4000 engines because of the UA328 incident.[36] Later that day, the British Civil Aviation Authority also banned Boeing 777s powered by Pratt & Whitney PW4000-112 engines from entering UK airspace.[37][38]

On February 23, 2021, Pratt & Whitney released a statement that the company was cooperating with federal investigators and coordinating with operators and regulators to support a revised inspection interval of the PW4000 engines.[30]

Groundings by operator

As of 24 February 2021[39]

Airline In service In storage Total

United Airlines 24 28 52

All Nippon Airways 10 14 24

Japan Airlines 7 13 20

Korean Air 7 10 17

Asiana Airlines 6 1 7

Jin Air 4 0 4

Total 58 66 124

Monday, February 15, 2021

Ad26.COV2.S

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Ad26.COV2.S or JNJ-78436735 is a COVID-19 vaccine candidate developed by Janssen Vaccines, which is part of Johnson & Johnson (J&J) in the Netherlands and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC).[1] It is a human adenovirus viral vector vaccine.[2] On January 29, 2021, Janssen announced that it was 66% effective in a one-dose regimen in preventing symptomatic COVID-19, with an 85% efficacy in preventing severe COVID-19.[3][4][5] It can remain stable for an estimated timeframe of two years at -20°C (-4°F). The vaccine can be stored at least for three months in a refrigerator at temperatures of 2-8°C (36°F-46°F).[6]

Vaccine characteristics

The J&J vaccine can remain viable for months in a standard refrigerator.[7] Unlike the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine and Moderna COVID-19 vaccine that previously received EUAs, the J&J COVID-19 vaccine is a single dose instead of two doses, and does not need to be shipped frozen.[8]

Development

Johnson & Johnson committed over US$1 billion toward the development of a not-for-profit COVID-19 vaccine in partnership with the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR) at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).[9][10] J&J stated that its vaccine project would be "at a not-for-profit level" as the company viewed it as "the fastest and the best way to find all the collaborations in the world to make this happen."[11]

Janssen Vaccines, in partnership with Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), is responsible for developing the vaccine candidate, based on the same technology used to make its Ebola vaccine.

Clinical trials

Phase I-II

In June 2020, J&J and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) confirmed its intention to start a clinical trials of J&J's vaccine in September 2020, with the possibility of Phase 1/2a human clinical trials starting at an accelerated pace in the second half of July.[12][13][14]

A Phase 1-2a clinical trial started with the recruitment of the first subject on July 15, 2020 and enrolled study participants in Belgium and the US. Interim results published from the Phase 1-2a trial established the safety, reactogenecity and immunogenecity of Ad26.COV2.S.[15][16]

Phase III

A Phase 3 clinical trial called ENSEMBLE started enrollment in September 2020 and completed enrollment on December 17, 2020. It was designed as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a single-dose vaccine versus placebo in adults 18 years old and older. Study participants received a single intramuscular injection of Ad26.COV2.S at a dose level of 5×1010 virus particles on Day 1.[17] The trial was paused on October 12, 2020, because a volunteer became ill,[18] but the company said it found no evidence that the vaccine had caused the illness and announced on October 23, 2020 that it would resume the trial.[19][20] On January 29, 2021 Janssen announced safety and efficacy data from an interim analysis of ENSEMBLE trial data, which demonstrated the vaccine was 66% effective at preventing the combined endpoints of moderate and severe COVID-19 at 28 days post-vaccination among all volunteers. The interim analysis was based on 468 cases of symptomatic COVID-19 among 43,783 adult volunteers in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, South Africa, and the United States. No deaths related to COVID-19 were reported in the vaccine group, while 5 deaths in the placebo group were related to COVID-19.[6] During the trial, no anaphylaxis was observed in participants.[6]

A second Phase 3 clinical trial called ENSEMBLE 2 started enrollment on November 12, 2020. ENSEMBLE 2 differs from ENSEMBLE in that its study participants will receive two intramuscular (IM) injections of Ad26.COV2.S vaccine, one on Day 1 and the next on Day 57.[21]

Manufacturing

In April 2020, J&J entered a partnership with Catalent who will provide large-scale manufacturing of J&J's vaccine at Catalent's Bloomington, Indiana facility.[22] In July 2020, the partnership was expanded to include Catalent's Anagni, Italy facility.[23]

In July 2020, J&J pledged to deliver up to 300 million doses of its vaccine to the U.S., with 100 million upfront and an option for 200 million more. The deal, worth more than $1 billion, will be funded by the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) and the U.S. Defense Department.[24][25] The deal was confirmed on 5 August.[26]

In September 2020, Grand River Aseptic Manufacturing agreed with J&J to support the manufacture of the vaccine, including technology transfer and fill and finish manufacture, at its Grand Rapids, Michigan facility.[27]

In December 2020 J&J and Reig Jofre, a Spanish pharmaceutical company, entered into an agreement to manufacture the vaccine at Reig Jofre's Barcelona facility.[28] If the European Medicines Agency grants approval to the vaccine by March 2021, a European Union regulator said that J&J could start supplying vaccines to EU countries starting on April 2021.[29][30]

In August 2020, J&J signed a contract with the U.S. federal government for US$1 billion, agreeing to deliver 100 million doses of the vaccine to the U.S. following the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) grant of approval or emergency use authorization (EUA) for the vaccine.[25] Under its agreement with the U.S. government, J&J was targeted to produce 12 million doses by the end of February 2021, more than 60 million doses by the end of April 2021, and more than 100 million doses by the end of June 2021. However, in January 2021, J&J acknowledged manufacturing delays would likely prevent it from meeting its contract of 12 million doses delivered to the U.S. by the end of February.[31]

Regulatory approval process

Beginning on December 1, 2020, clinical trial of the vaccine candidate has been undergoing a "rolling review" process by the European Medicines Agency's Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use, a step to expedite EMA consideration of an expected conditional Marketing Authorisation Application.[29][32]

On February 4, 2021, J&J applied to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for an EUA, and the FDA announced that its Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee would meet on February 26 to consider the application.[7][8][33] J&J previously announced that it planned to ship the vaccine immediately following authorization.[6]

On February 11, 2021, J&J first approval EUA from Saint Vincent and the Grenadines by the Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.[34]

Impact

Given the J&J vaccine is a single dose and has a lower cost, it is expected that the vaccine will play an important role in low and middle-income countries.[35] With lower costs as well as requirements of storage and distribution in comparison to the COVID-19 vaccines by Pfizer and Moderna, the J&J vaccine will be more easily transported, stored, and administered.[36] South African health minister Zweli Mkhize announced on 9 February 2021 to sell or swap its one million doses of AstraZeneca vaccine. Mkhize said South Africa would begin using Ad26.COV2.S the week of 15 February.[37]

References

"Johnson & Johnson Initiates Pivotal Global Phase 3 Clinical Trial of Janssen's COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate". www.jnj.com. Retrieved 23 September 2020.

"A Study of Ad26.COV2.S for the Prevention of SARS-CoV-2-Mediated COVID-19 in Adult Participants (ENSEMBLE)". clinicaltrials.gov. Retrieved 30 January 2021.

Salzman, Sony (29 January 2021). "Johnson & Johnson single-shot vaccine 85% effective against severe COVID-19 disease". ABC News.

"Covid vaccine: Single dose Covid vaccine 66% effective". BBC News. 29 January 2021. Retrieved 29 January 2021.

Sohn R (29 January 2021). "J&J's Covid vaccine is 66% effective, a weapon but not a knockout punch". Stat. Retrieved 29 January 2021.

"Johnson & Johnson Announces Single-Shot Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate Met Primary Endpoints in Interim Analysis of its Phase 3 ENSEMBLE Trial". www.jnj.com. Retrieved 1 February 2021.

Carolyn Y. Johnson & Laurie McGinley (4 February 2021). "Johnson & Johnson seeks emergency FDA authorization for single-shot coronavirus vaccine". Washington Post.

Chander, Vishwadha (4 February 2021). "J&J files COVID-19 vaccine application with U.S. FDA". Reuters. Retrieved 4 February 2021.

Vecchione A (13 March 2020). "J&J collaborates to accelerate COVID-19 vaccine development". NJBIZ. Retrieved 22 April 2020.

"Prisma Health collaborates with Ethicon Inc. to make, distribute VESper Ventilator Expansion Splitter Device". WSPA 7News. 6 April 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.

"Coronavirus: Johnson & Johnson vows to make 'not-for-profit' vaccine". Sky News. Retrieved 22 April 2020.

Coleman J (10 June 2020). "Final testing stage for potential coronavirus vaccine set to begin in July". TheHill. Retrieved 11 June 2020.

"Moderna, AstraZeneca and J&J coronavirus shots rev up for NIH tests beginning in July: WSJ". FiercePharma. Retrieved 11 June 2020.

"Johnson & Johnson to start human testing of COVID-19 vaccine next week". FiercePharma. Retrieved 20 July 2020.

Sadoff, Jerald; et al. (13 January 2021). "Interim Results of a Phase 1–2a Trial of Ad26.COV2.S Covid-19 Vaccine". New England Journal of Medicine. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2034201. PMC 7821985. PMID 33440088. Retrieved 30 January 2021.

"Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate Interim Phase 1/2a Data Published in New England Journal of Medicine". www.jnj.com. Retrieved 16 January 2021.

"Fourth large-scale COVID-19 vaccine trial begins in the United States". www.nih.gov. Retrieved 30 January 2021.

Hughes V, Thomas K, Zimmer C, Wu KJ (12 October 2020). "Johnson & Johnson halts coronavirus vaccine trial because of sick volunteer". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 12 October 2020.

"Johnson & Johnson Prepares to Resume Phase 3 ENSEMBLE Trial of its Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate in the U.S." Johnson & Johnson. 23 October 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020.

Edwards E, Miller SG (23 October 2020). "AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson resume late-stage Covid-19 vaccine trials". NBC News. Retrieved 28 October 2020.

"A Study of Ad26.COV2.S for the Prevention of SARS-CoV-2-mediated COVID-19 in Adults (ENSEMBLE 2)". clinicaltrials.gov. Retrieved 30 January 2021.

Vecchione A (29 April 2020). "Catalent to lead US manufacturing for J&J's lead COVID-19 vaccine candidate". NJBIZ. Retrieved 13 November 2020.

"J&J expands COVID-19 vaccine pact with Catalent for finishing work at Italian facility". FiercePharma. Retrieved 13 November 2020.

"HHS, DOD Collaborate With Johnson & Johnson to Produce Millions of COVID-19 Investigational Vaccine Doses". HHS.gov (Press release). 5 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.

"Johnson & Johnson Announces Agreement with U.S. Government for 100 Million Doses of Investigational COVID-19 Vaccine". Johnson & Johnson (Press release). Retrieved 6 August 2020.

"US to Pay Johnson and Johnson $1 Billion for COVID-19 Vaccine". Voice of America. Retrieved 5 August 2020.

"Ramping Up COVID-19 Vaccine Fill and Finish Capacity". Contract Pharma. 3 November 2020.

Allen, Joan Faus, Nathan (15 December 2020). "Spain's Reig Jofre to manufacture J&J's COVID-19 vaccine, shares soar". Spain.

Guarascio, Francesco (13 January 2021). "J&J COVID-19 vaccine could be available in Europe in April: source". Reuters.

"EMA expected to approve Johnson & Johnson vaccine by March - CEO of Janssen Italy to paper". Reuters. 10 February 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2021.

Zimmer C, LaFraniere S, Weiland N (13 January 2021). "Johnson & Johnson Expects Vaccine Results Soon but Lags in Production". The New York Times.

"Johnson & Johnson Announces Initiation of Rolling Submission for its Single-dose Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate with the European Medicines Agency" (Press release). Johnson & Johnson. 1 December 2020.

"FDA Announces Advisory Committee Meeting to Discuss Janssen Biotech Inc.'s COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate" (Press release). U.S. Food & Drug Administration. 4 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.

"Public Health (Emergency Authorisation of COVID-19 Vaccine) Rules, 2021" (PDF). Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. 11 February 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.

Grady, Denise (29 January 2021). "Which Covid Vaccine Should You Get? Experts Cite the Effect Against Severe Disease". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 9 February 2021.

Brueck, Hilary. "Moderna vaccine creator calls Johnson & Johnson's competing shot a 'darn good' tool to fight the pandemic". Business Insider. Retrieved 9 February 2021.

Winning, Alexander; Roelf, Wendell (9 February 2021). "South Africa may sell AstraZeneca shots as it switches to J&J vaccine to fight variant". news.yahoo.com. Reuters. Retrieved 11 February 2021.

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Saturday, January 9, 2021

Sriwijaya Air Flight 182

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Sriwijaya Air Flight 182

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article documents a recent aviation incident. Information may change rapidly as the event progresses, and initial news reports may be unreliable. The latest updates to this article may not reflect the most current information. Please feel free to improve this article (but note that updates without valid and reliable references will be removed) or discuss changes on the talk page. (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

Sriwijaya Air Flight 182

A shot of the plane pushing back, seen from the left side. Behind it is an Air Asia A320 parked at its gate.

PK-CLC, the aircraft involved in the accident,

in December 2017

Crash

Date 9 January 2021

Summary Crashed; under investigation (search ongoing)

Site Somewhere over Laki Island, Near Thousand Islands, Java Sea

05°57′36″S 106°34′30″ECoordinates: 05°57′36″S 106°34′30″E

Aircraft

Aircraft type Boeing 737-524

Aircraft name Citra

Operator Sriwijaya Air

IATA flight No. SJ182

ICAO flight No. SJY182

Call sign SRIWIJAYA 182

Registration PK-CLC

Flight origin Soekarno–Hatta International Airport, Jakarta, Indonesia

Destination Supadio International Airport, Pontianak, Indonesia

Occupants 62

Passengers 50

Crew 12[1][2][3]

Fatalities 62 (presumed)

Survivors 0 (presumed)

Sriwijaya Air Flight 182 (SJ182/SJY182) was a scheduled domestic passenger flight operated by Sriwijaya Air from Soekarno–Hatta International Airport, Jakarta, to Supadio International Airport, Pontianak, in Indonesia. On 9 January 2021, the Boeing 737–524 operating the flight disappeared from radar four minutes after departure. Officials confirmed that the aircraft crashed in the waters off the Thousand Islands, several kilometers from the airport. The search for the aircraft is ongoing.

Contents

Aircraft

The aircraft involved was a Boeing 737-524, registered as PK-CLC (MSN 27323/2616).[4] It was manufactured in 1994, and was first delivered to Continental Airlines the same year under the registration number N27610. The aircraft was acquired by United Airlines in 2010 when Continental and United merged. On 15 May 2012, United sold the aircraft to Sriwijaya Air. It was the first of a total of fifteen 737-500s received by Sriwijaya Air in 2012 to replace their 737-200s.[5] Sriwijaya Air named the aircraft "Citra". The aircraft was equipped with two CFMI CFM56-3B1 engines.[6]

The aircraft involved when it was in service with Continental Airlines in 2008 at Atlanta Hartsfield–Jackson Int'l, registered as N27610.

Flight details

Speed and altitude of Sriwijaya Air Flight 182

Route of Sriwijaya Air Flight 182

The aircraft was scheduled to take off from Soekarno–Hatta International Airport in Tangerang, Banten, at 14:10 WIB (7:10 UTC), and was scheduled to arrive at Supadio International Airport in Pontianak, West Kalimantan, at 15:40 WIB (8:40 UTC). After pushing back from the airport's Terminal 2D,[7] the aircraft took off from Runway 25R at 14:36 local time.[8] Due to the significant delay it was expected to land in Pontianak at 15:50 WIB (08:50 UTC).[7]

Flight 182 was climbing to 13,000 ft (4,000 m) when it abruptly swerved to the right and nosedived.[9] Air traffic controller (ATC) spotted this and asked the pilots to report their condition, but received no response.[10] According to AirNav Radarbox flight data, the aircraft reported a rapid drop in altitude during the climb phase from 10,900 ft (3,300 m) to 7,650 ft (2,330 m) at 07:40 UTC.[11] Flightradar24 reported that four minutes after takeoff, the aircraft dropped by 10,000 ft (3,000 m) in less than a minute.[12] The flight tracker noted that the last recorded altitude of the aircraft was 250 feet (76 m) at 07:40:27 UTC.[13] According to provided flight data, the plane experienced a drop of 1,755 ft (535 m) in just six seconds between 07:40:08 and 07:40:18 UTC. It was followed by a drop of 825 ft (251 m) in two seconds, 2,725 ft (831 m) in four seconds, and 5,150 ft (1,570 m) in its last seven seconds.[14] Its last contact with air traffic control was at 14:40 local time (07:40 UTC). The aircraft is presumed to have crashed into the Java Sea 19 kilometres (12 mi; 10 nmi) from Soekarno–Hatta International Airport,[15] specifically near Laki Island (Laki (Q4378768)).[16]

Passengers and crew

There were 62 people on board, with 50 being passengers, 6 being active crew members and 6 being non-active crew. Everyone on board is thought to be Indonesian.[1][2][3]

Among the passengers was Mulyadi Tamsir, a politician from Indonesia's People's Conscience Party.[17][18]

The active crew consisted of Captain Afwan, First Officer Diego M. and four flight attendants.[6][19] Afwan was a former pilot in the Indonesian Air Force.[20] The manifest which was released to the public indicated that another six crew members, including another captain and first officer, were also on board the aircraft.[21]

The cargo loaded in the aircraft was confirmed to be 500 kg (1,100 pounds).[22]

Search and rescue

Several eyewitness accounts were reported. A local fisherman reported that the aircraft crashed just 14 metres (46 ft) from his location. He stated that the aircraft exploded in mid-air. A piece of the aircraft was on fire and then fell to the sea.[23][24] Meanwhile, citizens of the Thousand Islands, near where the plane crashed, heard two explosions. It was raining in the area at the time.[25] The first report of a plane crash in the Thousand Islands was made at 14:30 local time, in which a fisherman stated that a plane had crashed and exploded in the sea.[26] At around 16:00 local time, eyewitnesses coordinated with firefighters to search for the aircraft.[25] The regent of the Thousand Islands, Junaedi, also reported that something fell and exploded on Laki Island.[27]

The head of the Indonesian National Search and Rescue Agency (Indonesian: BASARNAS), Bagus Puruhito, reported that the crash site was located 11 nautical miles (20 km) from Soekarno-Hatta International Airport.[28] Personnel from a vessel provided by the Ministry of Transportation reported that body parts, fragments of clothing, electronics, and wreckage had been recovered from the sea in waters near the Thousand Islands, with aviation fuel also reported around the location.[29][30] The water near the likely crash site has a depth of around 15–16 metres (49–52 ft).[31] BASARNAS immediately deployed personnel to the crash site[32] while the Indonesian National Police and the Ministry of Transportation set up crisis centers in Port of Tanjung Priok[33] and Soekarno–Hatta International Airport respectively.[34] The Indonesian Navy deployed a number of vessels for the SAR operations, in addition to helicopters and KOPASKA (frogman) personnel.[35]

Indonesian President Joko Widodo was immediately briefed on the accident. He ordered full coordination on the search and rescue operation and sent condolences to the relatives of the passengers and crew members.[36]

The Indonesian National Transportation Safety Committee (NTSC) reported that it will send the research ship Baruna Jaya to assist in the search and rescue operation. The vessel had been previously involved in search and rescue operations of multiple aviation accidents, including Lion Air Flight 610 and Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501.[37] Meanwhile, the Indonesian Navy deployed seven ships and divers from the 1st Naval Regional Command to assist the search and rescue process.[38] Soon after, BASARNAS reported that the pings of the aircraft's Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) had not been detected.[39] It added that the search and rescue operation will be continued overnight, with the main focus on pinpointing the exact location of the crash site.[40] The exact crash location was later announced to the public.[41]

The Indonesian Red Cross deployed 50 volunteers and prepared at least 100 body bags for the victims of the accident.[42] Family members of the victims were asked to bring DNA samples and other antemortem information to the Disaster Victims Identification unit at Kramat Jati Hospital in Jakarta.[43] Accommodations for relatives were provided by Sriwijaya Air.[44]

On the night of 9 January, an emergency slide of the aircraft was recovered from the waters near Lancang Island, Thousand Islands.[45] Several other pieces of wreckage were recovered from the crash site; the search and rescue operation was hampered by low visibility.[46]

On 10 January, Minister of Transportation Budi Karya Sumadi alongside with the Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces Hadi Tjahjanto supervised the search and rescue operation on board the KRI John Lie 358.[47] Hadi Tjahjanto later stated that signals from the aircraft have been detected by the army.[48] Indonesian Navy announced that the exact coordinate of the crash site has been pinpointed.[49] The Indonesian Armed Forces stated that 4 teams of divers will be deployed to the site,[50] while the Indonesian Navy will deploy 150 personnel and helicopters to the crash site.[51]

Investigation

The Indonesian National Transportation Safety Committee (NTSC / Komite Nasional Keselamatan Transportasi; KNKT) was immediately notified of the accident, with assistance from BASARNAS. NTSC stated that, starting on 10 January, just before 6:00 am local time, search and rescue personnel will start searching for the aircraft's flight recorders.[52] It added that the investigation will be assisted by the US' National Transportation Safety Board.[53]

Adita Irawati, a spokeswoman from the Indonesian Ministry of Transportation, reported that an abnormality was noted during the flight. The aircraft departed Jakarta's Soekarno-Hatta International Airport with a standard instrument departure. The aircraft had been cleared to fly at 29,000 ft. During its flight climb phase, Flight 182 immediately went off course to the northwest. ATC later asked the crew about the incident, but a few seconds later the aircraft dropped from the radar.[54][55]

The director of Sriwijaya Air, Jefferson Irwin Jauwena, stated that the aircraft was airworthy, despite its age of 26 years. Although a 30-minute delay was noted, he insisted that the cause was bad weather, specifically heavy rain, rather than mechanical failure. In response, KNKT said that they would be coordinating with the Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency (BMKG) in relation to weather in the Jakartan area.[56]

Indonesian aviation expert Alvin Lie stated that based on the preliminary data retrieved from aircraft, Flight 182 might have suffered a sudden failure that happened "so fast that pilots couldn't do anything". Data also indicated that there was not a single distress call or emergency call sent from the aircraft.[57]

Friday, January 1, 2021

AZD1222... 2021

AZD1222

Vaccine description

Target disease COVID-19

Type Modified chimpanzee adenovirus vector

Clinical data

Other names Covishield (India)[1]

Routes of

administration Intramuscular injection

Legal status

UK: Approved

Identifiers

CAS Number

2420395-83-9

PubChem SID

434150987

DrugBank

DB15656

UNII

B5S3K2V0G8

Part of a series on the

COVID-19 pandemic

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AZD1222, also known as ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, is a COVID-19 vaccine developed by Oxford University and AstraZeneca given by intramuscular injection, using as a vector the modified chimpanzee adenovirus ChAdOx1.[2][3][4][5]

The research is being done by the Oxford University's Jenner Institute and Oxford Vaccine Group. The team is led by Sarah Gilbert, Adrian Hill, Andrew Pollard, Teresa Lambe, Sandy Douglas and Catherine Green.[6][7]

As of December 2020, the vaccine candidate is undergoing Phase III clinical research.[8]

On 30 December 2020 the vaccine was approved for use[9] in the UK's vaccination programme.

Contents

Vaccine platform

The AZD1222 vaccine is a replication-deficient simian adenovirus vector, containing the full‐length codon‐optimized coding sequence of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein along with a tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) leader sequence.[10]

The researchers used the SARS-CoV-2 genome that had been sequenced in Wuhan. The modified monkey adenovirus cannot replicate, so does not cause further infection, and instead acts as a vector to transfer the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.[11]

The spike S1 protein is an external protein that enables the SARS-type coronavirus to enter cells through the enzymatic domain of ACE2.[12] After vaccination, this spike protein is produced, promoting the immune system to attack the coronavirus if it later infects the body.[13]

History

In June 2020, the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) confirmed that the third phase of testing for potential vaccines developed by Oxford University and AstraZeneca would begin in July 2020.[14]

In July 2020, AstraZeneca partnered with IQVIA to speed up US clinical trials.[15]

On 31 August 2020, AstraZeneca announced that it had begun enrolling adults for a US-funded, 30,000-subject late-stage study.[16]

On 8 September 2020, AstraZeneca announced a global halt to the vaccine trial while a possible adverse reaction in a participant in the United Kingdom was investigated.[17][18][19] On 13 September, AstraZeneca and the University of Oxford resumed clinical trials in the United Kingdom after regulators concluded it was safe to do so.[20] AstraZeneca was criticized for vaccine safety after concerns from experts noting the company's refusal to provide details about serious neurological illnesses in two participants who received the experimental vaccine in Britain.[21] While the trial resumed in the UK, Brazil, South Africa, Japan[22] and India, it remained on pause in the US till 23 October 2020[23] while the FDA investigated a patient illness that triggered the clinical hold, according to the HHS Secretary Alex Azar.[24]

On 15 October 2020, Dr João Pedro R. Feitosa, a 28-year-old doctor from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, who received a placebo instead of the test vaccine in a clinical trial of AZD1222, died from COVID-19 complications.[25][26][27] The Brazilian health authority Anvisa announced that the trial would continue in Brazil.[28]

On 23 November 2020, Oxford University and AstraZeneca announced interim results from the vaccine's ongoing phase 3 trials.[13] There was criticism of the methods used in the report, which combined results of 62% and 90% from different groups of test subjects given different dosages to arrive at a 70% figure.[8][29][30] AstraZeneca said it would carry out a further multi-country trial using the lower dose which had led to a 90% claim.[31]

The full publication of these interim results, from four ongoing, blinded, randomised, controlled trials, on 8 December 2020, clarified these reports.[32] In the group who received the active vaccine more than 21 days earlier, there were no hospitalisations or severe disease, unlike those receiving the control vaccine. Serious adverse events were balanced across the active and control arms in the studies. One subject developed transverse myelitis 14 days after receiving the booster of the active vaccination, and other events occurred in the control group.[32]

On 11 December 2020, AstraZeneca announced they will explore with the Russian Gamaleya Research Institute whether their two adenovirus-based vaccines, AZD1222 and Gam-COVID-Vac, could be combined to give improved protection levels. Clinical trials are expected to start in Russia before the end of 2020.[33][34]

In December 2020, the chief executive of AstraZeneca, Pascal Soriot said he believed researchers have found a “winning formula” in form of the Oxford-AstraZeneca Covid-19 vaccine, where two doses were used. It was also revealed that the vaccine could be rolled out from 4 January 2021.[35]

Approval

On 27 November 2020, the UK government asked the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency to assess the AZD1222 vaccine for temporary supply,[36] and it was approved for use on 30 December 2020, as their second vaccine to enter the national rollout.[37]

On 29 December, the Deputy Executive Director of the European Medicines Agency (EMA), Noel Wathion, stated that the EU regulator will most likely not be able to approve the vaccine until February. He said in an interview “They have not even filed an application with us yet".[38]

The vaccine has also been approved by Argentina[39], El Salvador[40] and India[41] regulatory authorities for emergency usage in their respective countries.

Production and supply

The vaccine is stable at refrigerator temperatures and costs around $3 to $4 per dose.[42] On 17 December a tweet by the Belgium Budget State Secretary revealed the EU would pay €1.78 per dose.[43]

According to AstraZeneca's vice-president for operations and IT, Pam Cheng, the company will have around 200 million doses ready worldwide by the end of 2020 and capacity to produce 100 million to 200 million doses per month once production is ramped up.[8]

In June 2020, further to making 100 million doses available to the UK's NHS, for their vaccination programme,[44] AstraZeneca and Emergent BioSolutions signed a US$87 million deal to manufacture doses of the vaccine specifically for the US market. The deal was part of the Trump administration's Operation Warp Speed initiative to develop and rapidly scale production of targeted vaccines before the end of 2020.[45] Catalent will be responsible for the finishing and packaging process.[46].The majority of manufacturing work will be done in the UK.

In June 2020, AstraZeneca and Serum Institute of India (SII) reached a licensing agreement to supply one billion doses of the Oxford University vaccine to middle and low income countries, including India.[47][48]

On 13 June 2020, AstraZeneca signed a contract with Europe's Inclusive Vaccines Alliance, a group formed by France, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands, to supply up to 400 million doses to all European Union member states.[49][50][51]

In August 2020, AstraZeneca agreed to provide 300 million doses to the US for US$1.2 billion, implying a cost of US$4 a dose. An AstraZeneca spokesman said the funding also covers development and clinical testing.[52]

In September 2020, AstraZeneca agreed to provide 20 million doses to Canada.[53][54]

In October 2020, Switzerland signed an agreement with AstraZeneca to pre-order up to 5.3 million doses.[55][56]

References

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Walsh N, Shelley J, Duwe E, Bonnett W (27 July 2020). "The world's hopes for a coronavirus vaccine may run in these health care workers' veins". CNN. São Paulo. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2020.

"Investigating a Vaccine Against COVID-19". ClinicalTrials.gov (Registry). United States National Library of Medicine. 26 May 2020. NCT04400838. Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.

"A Phase 2/3 study to determine the efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of the candidate Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) vaccine ChAdOx1 nCoV-19". EU Clinical Trials Register (Registry). European Union. 21 April 2020. EudraCT 2020-001228-32. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2020.

O'Reilly P (26 May 2020). "A Phase III study to investigate a vaccine against COVID-19". ISRCTN (Registry). doi:10.1186/ISRCTN89951424. ISRCTN89951424.

"COVID-19 Vaccine Trials | COVID-19". covid19vaccinetrial.co.uk. Retrieved 11 April 2020.

"Oxford team to begin novel coronavirus vaccine research". University of Oxford. 7 February 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.

Callaway E (23 November 2020). "Why Oxford's positive COVID vaccine results are puzzling scientists". Nature. 588 (7836): 16–18. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-03326-w. PMID 33230278. S2CID 227156970.

"Covid-19: Oxford-AstraZeneca coronavirus vaccine approved for use in UK". BBC News. BBC. 30 December 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2020.

Arashkia A, Jalilvand S, Mohajel N, Afchangi A, Azadmanesh K, Salehi-Vaziri M, et al. (2020). "Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 spike (S) protein based vaccine candidates: State of the art and future prospects". Reviews in Medical Virology. n/a (n/a): e2183. doi:10.1002/rmv.2183. PMC 7646037.

"Exeter Fellow Dr Catherine Green leads the production of a potential COVID-19 vaccine in Oxford". Exeter College. 6 April 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2020.

Wang H, Yang P, Liu K, Guo F, Zhang Y, Zhang G, Jiang C (February 2008). "SARS coronavirus entry into host cells through a novel clathrin- and caveolae-independent endocytic pathway". Cell Research. 18 (2): 290–301. doi:10.1038/cr.2008.15. PMC 7091891. PMID 18227861.

"AZD1222 vaccine met primary efficacy endpoint in preventing COVID-19". www.astrazeneca.com. Retrieved 27 November 2020.

Coleman J (10 June 2020). "Final testing stage for potential coronavirus vaccine set to begin in July". TheHill. Retrieved 11 June 2020.

"AZN, IQV Team Up To Accelerate COVID-19 Vaccine Work, RIGL's ITP Drug Repurposed, IMV On Watch". RTTNews. Retrieved 15 July 2020.

"Phase 3 Clinical Testing in the US of AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate Begins". National Institutes of Health (NIH). 30 August 2020. Retrieved 1 September 2020.

"AstraZeneca Covid-19 vaccine study is put on hold". STAT. 8 September 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2020.

"AstraZeneca Covid-19 vaccine study is put on hold". 8 September 2020.

Wu KJ, Thomas K (8 September 2020). "AstraZeneca Pauses Vaccine Trial for Safety Review". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 10 September 2020.

Loftus P (13 September 2020). "AstraZeneca Covid-19 Vaccine Trials Resume in U.K." Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 13 September 2020.

Grady D, Wu KJ, LaFraniere S (19 September 2020). "AstraZeneca, Under Fire for Vaccine Safety, Releases Trial Blueprints". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 22 September 2020.

"AstraZeneca resumes vaccine trial in talks with US". Japan Today. 3 October 2020.

"FDA authorises restart of the COVID-19 AZD1222 vaccine US Phase III trial". www.astrazeneca.com. Retrieved 1 December 2020.

Reuters Staff (23 September 2020). "U.S. health secretary says AstraZeneca trial in United States remains on hold: CNBC". Reuters. Retrieved 24 September 2020.

"'What's the deal?' Researchers in paused vaccine trial search for answers". NBC News.

"Volunteer in AstraZeneca Covid-19 vaccine trial dies in Brazil". NBC News.

Voluntário brasileiro que participava dos testes da vacina de Oxford e morreu com a Covid era médico e ex-aluno da UFRJ, Globo

Simões E, Burger L (22 October 2020). "AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine trial Brazil volunteer dies, trial to continue". Reuters. Retrieved 22 October 2020.

"Oxford/AstraZeneca Covid vaccine 'dose error' explained". BBC News. 27 November 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2020.

Robbins, Rebecca; Mueller, Benjamin (25 November 2020). "After Admitting Mistake, AstraZeneca Faces Difficult Questions About Its Vaccine". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 27 November 2020.

Boseley, Sarah (26 November 2020). "Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine to undergo new global trial". the Guardian. Retrieved 27 November 2020.

"Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK - The Lancet". Retrieved 9 December 2020.

"Covid: Trials to test combination of Oxford and Sputnik vaccines". BBC News. 11 December 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2020.

Osborn, Andrew; Aripaka, Pushkala (11 December 2020). "AstraZeneca hitches ride with Russia's Sputnik in vaccine race". Reuters. Retrieved 11 December 2020.

"Oxford vaccine researchers have found 'winning formula', AstraZeneca chief says". The Independent. Retrieved 27 December 2020.

"Government asks regulator to approve supply of Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine". GOV.UK. Department of Health and Social Care. 27 October 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.

"Oxford University/AstraZeneca vaccine authorised by UK medicines regulator". Gov.uk. Department of Health and Social Care. 30 December 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2020.

"AstraZeneca vaccine not ready for quick European approval, watchdog official says". www.reuters.com. Reuters. 30 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.

Laing, Aislinn (30 December 2020). "Argentine regulator approves AstraZeneca/Oxford COVID-19 vaccine -AstraZeneca". Reuters.

Staff, Reuters (30 December 2020). "El Salvador greenlights AstraZeneca, Oxford University COVID-19 vaccine". Reuters.

Gaurav, Kunal (1 January 2021). "Govt's expert panel approves AstraZeneca/Oxford Covid-19 vaccine for emergency use". Hindustan Times.

Belluz J (23 November 2020). "Why the AstraZeneca-Oxford Covid-19 vaccine is different". Vox. Retrieved 26 November 2020.

Stevis-Gridneff, Matina; Sanger-Katz, Margot; Weiland, Noah (18 December 2020). "A European Official Reveals a Secret: The U.S. Is Paying More for Coronavirus Vaccines". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 December 2020.

"AstraZeneca to begin making vaccine". BBC. 5 June 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.

"AstraZeneca, Emergent BioSolutions sign $87M deal to produce U.S. supply of COVID-19 vaccine". FiercePharma. Retrieved 12 June 2020.

"AstraZeneca taps Catalent for COVID-19 vaccine finishing, packaging at Italian plant". FiercePharma. Retrieved 16 June 2020.

Rajagopal, Divya (4 June 2020). "AstraZeneca & Serum Institute of India sign licensing deal for 1 billion doses of Oxford vaccine". The Economic Times.

Kumar, Mayank (7 August 2020). "Covid-19 vaccine: Serum Institute signs up for 100 million doses of vaccines for India, low and middle-income countries". The Financial Express.

"Covid-19: France, Italy, Germany and Netherlands sign vaccine deal for Europe". France 24. 13 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.

"AstraZeneca agrees to supply Europe with 400 mil doses of COVID-19 vaccine". Japan Today. Retrieved 15 June 2020.

Calatayud A. "AstraZeneca to supply Europe with Covid-19 vaccine". MarketWatch. Retrieved 15 June 2020.

Roland D (21 May 2020). "U.S. to Invest $1.2 Billion to Secure Potential Coronavirus Vaccine From AstraZeneca, Oxford University". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 6 August 2020.

https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/covid19-briefing-trudeau-tam-1.5738503

Health Canada (2 October 2020). "Health Canada begins first authorization review of a COVID-19 vaccine submission". gcnws. Retrieved 30 December 2020.

"Swiss sign next vaccine agreement with AstraZeneca". SWI swissinfo.ch. Retrieved 16 October 2020.

"COVID-19 vaccine: Swiss federal government signs agreement with AstraZeneca". www.admin.ch. Retrieved 16 October 2020.

msdogfood@hotmail.com

The geek with a cynical view

Saturday, March 27, 2021

SUPREME COURT OF CANADA Reference re Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act Case in Brief

Thursday, March 25, 2021

Friday, February 26, 2021

Longtail Aviation Boeing 747-412BCF jet cargoliner, registration VQ-BWT,

United Airlines Flight 328

Monday, February 15, 2021

Ad26.COV2.S

Saturday, January 9, 2021

Sriwijaya Air Flight 182

Friday, January 1, 2021

AZD1222... 2021

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