Federal Court of Canada Canada (Attorney General) v. Johnstone Date: 20130131 Docket: T-1418-10 Citation: 2013 FC 113

Source: http://decisions.fct-cf.gc.ca/en/2013/2013fc113/2013fc113.html

Date: 20130131

Docket: T-1418-10

Citation: 2013 FC 113

Ottawa, Ontario, January 31, 2013

PRESENT: The Honourable Mr. Justice Mandamin

BETWEEN:

	ATTORNEY GENERAL OF CANADA
		Applicant
	and
	FIONA ANN JOHNSTONE AND CANADIAN HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION
		Respondents

REASONS FOR JUDGMENT AND JUDGMENT

[1] This is an application for judicial review of the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal August 6, 2010 decision allowing Ms. Fiona Johnstone’s complaint of human rights discrimination, because of family status, by the employer.

[2] Ms. Johnstone filed her complaint under the provisions of the Canadian Human Rights Act RSC 1985 c H-6 [the Act] which prohibits discrimination on the basis of family status in matters relating to employment. She contended that her employer, the Canadian Border Services Agency [CBSA], engaged in a discriminatory employment practice with respect to family status, specifically, in relation to her parental childcare obligations.

[3] Ms. Johnstone had been working as a border services officer on rotating shifts. She requested full-time employment working fixed day shifts that would allow her to arrange childcare for her young children. CBSA policy limited fixed day shifts as requested by Ms. Johnstone to part-time employment. Consequently, Ms. Johnstone was not eligible for benefits available to full time CBSA employees.

[4] The Tribunal found Ms. Johnstone had proven prima facie employment discrimination on the basis of family status contrary to the Act and decided the CBSA had not proven hardship for the employer necessary to exempt the CBSA from its obligation to accommodate for family status.

[5] The Applicant contests whether the term “family status” in the Act includes parental childcare obligations. It submits childcare is not included in the term “family status”. The Applicant also challenges the Tribunal’s legal test for finding prima facie discrimination based on family status. Finally, the Applicant contests several remedial orders of the Tribunal.

[6] On the central questions, I conclude the Tribunal reasonably found parental childcare obligations comes within the scope and meaning of “family status” in the Act. I also conclude the Tribunal applied the proper legal test for its finding of prima facie discrimination on the basis of family status. Finally, I am satisfied the Tribunal finding that the CBSA discriminated against Ms. Johnstone on the basis of family status to be reasonable having regard to the evidence before the Tribunal.

[7] On the question of remedies, while I conclude the Tribunal did not err generally, I find the Tribunal erred in part by failing to justify the compensation award for the period when Ms. Johnstone elected unpaid leave to accompany her spouse on relocation to Ottawa.

[8] My reasons are set out following.

Background

[9] Ms. Johnstone began working as a part-time customs inspector in the Passenger Operations District of the CBSA at Pearson International Airport [Pearson] in April 1998. After five months her position, now described as a border services officer, was converted to full-time. Her employment became indeterminate in 2001.

[10] In January 2003, following the birth of her first child, Ms. Johnstone requested accommodation. Specifically, she requested she continue in full-time employment with a fixed daytime shift schedule that coincided with childcare available to her. She renewed this request in December 2005 after the birth of her second child.

The Work Environment

[11] The CBSA was created on December 12, 2003 and took over the customs functions that had been responsibility of the Canada Customs and Revenue Agency, the ports of entry of inland immigration that had been handled by the Department of Citizenship and Immigration, and the entry inspections of food, plants and animals previously performed by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency.

[12] The CBSA Greater Toronto Area [GTA] region has three main operational districts: Passenger Operations, Commercial Operations and Greater Toronto Enforcement Centre [GTEC]. Only Passenger Operations and Commercial Operations employ border services officers.

[13] Commercial Operations is responsible for processing cargo from commercial aircraft and for sufferance warehouses that are facilities for landing, storage, safekeeping, transfer, examination, delivery and forwarding of imported goods before release. The bulk of this work is done at Pearson on the other side of the airfield from the passenger terminals.

[14] Gateway was previously a separate district within the CBSA’s GTA region. It was merged into the Commercial Operations district around 2005/2006. Border services officers at Gateway sort and examine mail, documents and parcels coming into Canada.

[15] In 2004 Passenger Operations was responsible for processing passengers in Pearson Terminals 1, 2 and 3 as well as at the East Hold where small aircraft arrive. All passengers were met and taken by bus to Terminal 2 for processing. In 2005 passengers arriving on private jets (fixed base operators) who had been processed through Passenger Operations were transferred to Commercial Operations. In January 2007 Terminal 2 was closed down and CBSA operations in that Terminal were shifted to Terminal 1. Currently, Air Canada’s U.S. and international flights operate through Terminal 1 and most other airlines operate through Terminal 3.

[16] The border services officers perform work at Passenger Operations, Commercial Operations and Gateway. One universal job description applies for all border services officers and all positions are classified similarly.

[17] Mr. Norm Sheridan has been District Director of Passenger Operations since 1999. In 2004 he had three Chiefs, one at each terminal, reporting to him. Ms. Rhonda Ruby was the Passenger Operation Chief at Terminal 1. Each Chief had between nine to thirteen Superintendents reporting to them. The Superintendents were responsible for day to day management in their Terminals and for supervising the border services officers in their crews.

[18] On February 12, 2007 the CBSA management structure expanded to 10 Chiefs within Passenger Operations. Superintendents continued in the same job description. The Superintendents prepare the border services officers’ shift schedules. Two Superintendents specifically manage accommodation requests by employees asking for relief from the shift schedules.

[19] Pearson is Canada’s busiest airport. Passenger Operations screens and processes travellers seeking entry to Canada 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. In order to meet operational requirements at Pearson, border services officers in Passenger Operations work rotating and variable shifts under an agreement established with the local union in 1987, titled the Variable Shift Scheduling Agreement [VSSA].

[20] All full-time border services officers at Pearson work a 56 day schedule period with hours of work patterned on 5 days on, 3 days off with each working shift of 8.57 hours less a 30 minute meal break.

Childcare Availability

[21] Ms. Johnstone testified she intended to make her work as a border services officer her career. She worked full-time as a border services officer on rotating shifts under the VSSA schedule.

[22] Ms. Johnstone gave birth to her first child in January 2003 and took a year of maternity leave. Her second child was born in 2005. Ms. Johnstone has been the primary parent caring for their children. She could not arrange childcare which would allow her to return to full-time shift work as a border services officer at Pearson.

[23] Her husband, Mr. Jason Noble, also worked a rotating shift schedule in his position as a customs superintendent at the Pearson Passenger Operations District. His shift hours as a supervisor were more onerous that Ms. Johnstone’s. Their work schedules overlapped 60% of the time but were not coordinated. As a result, Ms. Johnstone’s spouse could not take over or fill in the family childcare on a reliable basis.

[24] After the birth of her first child, Ms. Johnstone had been able to arrange childcare with family members. Her family members could provide childcare for the three days a week for fluctuating hours, including overnight.

Request for Accommodation

[25] Ms. Johnstone wanted to maintain her full-time employment status in order to access opportunities for training and advancement, pension, and other benefits available for full-time employees. Her concern was that she would lose both benefits and pension with long term consequences to her promotional opportunities and future retirement.

[26] Ms. Johnstone requested that she work full-time in static shifts over three days. She did not specify starting times or returning to the same duties she had performed. Full-time employment necessitated working a minimum of 37.5 hours per week.

[27] Ms. Johnstone contacted CBSA Management prior to her return to work in January 2004 asking to work full-time over three days with 13-hour shifts fixed per week. The 39-hour week could constitute full time employment. Ms. Johnstone approached Ms. Raby, the Terminal 1 Chief through her husband. Ms. Raby denied the request and instead offered Ms. Johnstone part-time work on a fixed schedule.

[28] Ms. Raby offered Ms. Johnstone a maximum of 10 hours a day for three days plus a further 4 hour shift on a fourth day for a total of 34 hours a week. While starting times might vary, the shifts would be on the same days of the week. The 34-hour week would constitute part-time employment. Ms. Raby had made it clear to Ms. Johnstone that CBSA policy, albeit unwritten, is that in order to get static shifts, the maximum hours of work allowed was 34 hours a week.

[29] Ms. Johnstone accepted the three 10-hour days but not the additional 4 hours because it would not achieve the full-time employment Ms. Johnstone wanted and the childcare expense for the fourth half-day negated the extra 4 hours of wages.

[30] Shortly after returning to work, Ms. Johnstone asked if she could remain on full-time status and characterize the hours not worked as leave without pay which would mean her income would still be pensionable. This request was denied. She asked if she could top up the difference to keep the equivalent of full-time pension benefits but this was also denied.

[31] After her second child was born, she asked in December 2005 to be allowed to work full-time hours over three days but was again refused. Ms. Johnstone then further reduced her hours of part-time work after the birth of her second child from the 30 hours of work she had been working.

Human Rights Complaint

[32] Ms. Johnstone filed her human rights complaint on April 23, 2004. She claimed the CBSA has engaged in a discriminatory practice on the ground of family status in an employment matter. Her complaint was brought pursuant to subsections 7(b) and 10(a) and (b) of the Act.

History of Proceedings

[33] After Ms. Johnstone filed her human rights complaint, the Canadian Human Rights Commission (the Commission) appointed an Investigator. The Investigator found that the CBSA differentiated between employees seeking relief from rotating shift schedules for medical reasons and those seeking the same relief for reasons of childcare. For employees of the first class, the CBSA allowed full-time work on fixed shifts, but required the latter to work fixed shifts part-time.

[34] The Investigator also found the evidence for operational concerns was an impressionistic assumption and concluded the CBSA failed to provide a justification for this policy. The Investigator recommended the Commission refer the complaint to the Tribunal.

The Commission

[35] On receipt of the Investigator’s report and recommendation, the Commission invited submissions from Ms. Johnstone and the CBSA. The Commission decided, at this screening stage, to dismiss Ms. Johnstone’s complaint. Its reasons were:

a. The CBSA accommodated Ms. Johnstone’s request for a fixed shift to meet her childcare obligations;

b. Ms. Johnstone accepted the part-time scheduling arrangement and did not request full-time hours; and

c. It was not satisfied the effect of the CBSA policy, which permits employees to be relieved of rotating shifts for 37.5 hours, constituted a serious interference with Ms. Johnstone’s duty as a parent or that it constituted discrimination on the basis of family status.

[36] Ms. Johnstone applied for judicial review of the Commission’s decision in the Federal Court.

[37] In Johnstone v Canada (Attorney General), 2007 FC 36 [Johnstone FC] Justice Barnes allowed Ms. Johnstone’s application and returned the matter back to the Commission for redetermination. The Federal Court of Appeal dismissed the Attorney General’s appeal of the Federal Court judicial review. Canada (Attorney General) v Johnstone, 2008 FCA 101 [Johnstone FCA].

[38] Ms. Johnstone’s human rights complaint subsequently proceeded to a hearing before the Tribunal.

The Tribunal

[39] Both the Applicant and the Respondent presented their evidence and expert evidence in a full hearing by the Tribunal. Ms. Johnstone testified and called three witnesses, Mr. Murray Star, another CBSA employee, and two expert witnesses, Dr. Linda Duxbury and Ms. Martha Friendly. The Respondent called Mr. Sheridan, the District Director of Passenger Operations, Ms. Raby, the Terminal 1 Chief, and one expert witness, Dr. Moore-Ede.

[40] On August 6, 2010, the Tribunal rendered its decision, allowing Ms. Johnstone’s complaint of discrimination based on family status.

[41] The Attorney General now applies for judicial review of the Tribunal’s decision.

Other Matters

[42] At the time of the Tribunal hearing Ms. Johnstone was on unpaid Care & Nurturing Leave covered by the VSSA. Before that, when her husband was transferred to Ottawa as a trainer, she went on a one year Relocation of Spouse Leave without pay. Ms. Johnstone’s intention was to return to full-time work when her children reached school age.

Decision Under Review

[43] The Tribunal allowed Ms. Johnstone’s human rights complaint on August 6, 2010. It described Ms. Johnstone’s complaint as:

The Complainant (Ms. Johnstone) alleges that the Respondent (CBSA) has engaged in a discriminatory practice on the ground of family status in a matter related to employment. The relevant prohibited ground of “family status” is enumerated in Section 3(1) of the Act.

[44] The Tribunal described the practices Ms. Johnstone complained of as a failure to accommodate by the employer and adverse differential treatment based on family status relating to the raising of two children. It noted, pursuant to Moore v Canada Post Corporation, 2007 CHRT 31 [Moore], at paragraph 86, “failure to accommodate” is not a discriminatory practice under the Act, as “there is no free-standing right to accommodation under the CHRA”. The Tribunal proceeded on adverse differential treatment based on family status relating to the raising of two children. The Tribunal identified the relevant time for the complaint as beginning April 23, 2004 to present times.

[45] After describing the CBSA structure and operations, the Tribunal reviewed the history of the CBSA and its predecessors on the issue of family status relating to employment. The Tribunal considered this history helpful as a framework to the present complaint.

[46] The Tribunal took specific note of the 1993 Tribunal decision, Brown v Canada (Department of National Revenue, Customs & Excise), [1993] CHRD No 7 [Brown], which involved the CBSA’s predecessor, the National Revenue Agency – Customs and Excise. That case also involved a CBSA employee who was a customs inspector who asked to work dayshift after her child was born.

[47] In Brown the Tribunal set out the requirements for establishing a prima facie case of discrimination based on family status. The Tribunal observed that Brown found parents are under an obligation to seek accommodation from their employer in order that they may meet their duties and obligations within the family.

[48] The Tribunal in Johnstone noted that the respondent was ordered “to prevent similar events from reoccurring through recognition and policies that would acknowledge family status to be interpreted as involving ‘a parent’s rights and duty to strike a balance [between work obligations and child rearing] coupled with a clear duty on the part of any employer to facilitate and accommodate that balance.’”

[49] The Tribunal concluded that these recommendations were not implemented, as witnesses from both parties testified that there has never been full implementation of the orders in Brown.

The Evidence

[50] The Tribunal accepted Ms. Johnstone’s evidence was that she could no longer work the VSSA schedule when she became a mother. Ordinary daycare hours were limited to 7 a.m. to 6 p.m. Monday to Friday. Unlicensed daycare and private daycare would not provide daycare for unpredictable and fluctuating hours and not on weekends or overnight. Ms. Johnstone’s family members could provide daycare for three days a week including overnight.

[51] Ms. Johnstone gave evidence that she requested full time work with 13-hour days on Fridays, Saturdays and Mondays. She testified she was told she could only work part-time for a maximum of 34 hours at 10 hours a day over 3 days with an additional 4 hours on the fourth day. She also testified she asked whether she could remain on full-time status with the hours not worked as leave without pay or top up the difference to keep the equivalent about full-time status but she was refused. A live-in nanny was not a financially feasible option for Ms. Johnstone because of the expense and the requirement to move into a larger house to accommodate a live-in adult nanny.

[52] The Tribunal accepted that had Ms. Johnstone been allowed to work full-time over the three days she requested, she would have found a way to handle her childcare responsibilities.

[53] The Tribunal heard testimony from Murray Star who worked variable shifts with the CBSA. Mr. Star had obtained accommodation on religious grounds and was not required to work on the Sabbath and other holy days of religious observance.

[54] The Tribunal considered the evidence of Ms. Johnstone’s witness, Dr. Duxbury, who was accepted as an expert in human resources management including labour force demographics, managing change, and the impact of work-life balance issues on workers. Dr. Duxbury’s report related to accommodation needs of workers with childcare responsibilities and the impact of employers’ responses to accommodating those needs.

[55] The Tribunal also considered the evidence of Ms. Friendly, the Executive Director of the Toronto’s Childcare Resource and Research Unit, who filed a report on the extent childcare was accessible for parents working non-standard, rotating, unpredictable hours. The Tribunal accepted her as an expert on childcare policy in Canada. The Tribunal accepted as reliable Ms. Friendly’s conclusions on the difficulties faced by parents finding third party childcare when working in workplaces that require rotational fluctuating shifts. The Tribunal found that Ms. Friendly’s evidence supported Ms. Johnstone in that the type of childcare she needed was not easily available, if at all. The Tribunal also accepted there were relatively few workers who required such childcare assistance.

Prima Facie Case

[56] The Tribunal considered whether or not Ms. Johnstone had proven a prima facie case of discrimination based on family status. It identified the test to establish a prima facie case as set out in the Supreme Court of Canada’s decision in Ontario Human Rights Commission v Simpson- Sears Limited, [1985] 2 SCR 536 [O’Malley] at para 28.

[57] The Tribunal set out a two step process, the question of a prima facie case being first and a bona fide occupational requirement [BFOR], being second. The Tribunal stated:

… if the allegations by the Complainant are covered, and if believed, the evidence is complete and sufficient to justify a verdict in Ms. Johnstone’s favour, in absence of an answer from the Respondent. If the Tribunal answers in the affirmative to this, then the onus shifts to the Respondent to show that despite the discrimination found it had a Bona Fide Occupational Requirement (BFOR) to engage in it, and that accommodation of those affected would amount to undue hardship for the employer.

[58] The Tribunal noted that the parties disagreed on the definition of family status within the meaning of sections 3, 7, and 10 of the Act. Accordingly, the Tribunal addressed the meaning of family status before addressing whether a prima facie case has been made out.

[59] The Tribunal turned to the Supreme Court of Canada, in Canada (House of Commons) v Vaid, 2005 SCC 30 [Vaid], to apply Driedger’s modern approach to statutory interpretation: “the words of an Act are to be read with the scheme of the Act, the object of the Act, and the intention of Parliament”.

[60] The Tribunal found the inclusion of the phrase “have their needs accommodated” in the Act’s purpose clause has led to a broadening of interpretation. It found that family status should not be limited to identifying one as a parent or a familial relation of another person, but rather include the needs and obligations naturally flowing from that relationship.

[61] The Tribunal looked to the underlying purpose of the Act as providing all individuals a mechanism “to make for themselves the lives that they are able and wish to have and to have their needs accommodated, consistent with their duties and obligations as members of society…” The Tribunal that found the phrase in the Act “lives that they are able and wish to have” to be an acknowledgement that individuals make choices including to have children, and that the Act affords protections against discrimination regarding those choices.

[62] Finally, the Tribunal concluded at para 233:

This Tribunal finds that the freedom to choose to become a parent is so vital that it should not be constrained by the fear of discriminatory consequences. As a society, Canada should recognize this fundamental freedom and support that choice wherever possible. For the employer, this means assessing situations such as Ms. Johnstone’s on an individual basis and working together with her to create a workable solution that balances her parental obligations with her work opportunities, short of undue hardship.

With that statement, the Tribunal found the enumerated ground of family status in the Act does include parental childcare responsibilities.

[63] The Tribunal then considered the CBSA submission that there is a different and higher threshold for family status discrimination as demonstrated by Health Sciences Assoc. of B.C. v Campbell River and North Island Transition Society, 2004 BCCA 260 [Campbell River]. The Tribunal noted the Campbell River test was rejected by Hoyt v Canadian National Railway, [2006] CHRD No 33 [Hoyt] and also Rajotte v The President of the Canadian Border Services Agency et al, 2009 PSST 0025 [Rajotte].

[64] The Tribunal found confirmation of this position in Johnstone FC that an individual should not have to tolerate some discrimination before being afforded the protection of the Act.

[65] The Tribunal concluded that Ms. Johnstone had made out a prima facie case of discrimination contrary to sections 7 and 10 of the Act. The CBSA had engaged in a discriminatory and arbitrary practice in the course of employment that adversely differentiated Ms. Johnstone on the prohibited ground of family status. More specifically, the Tribunal found that the CBSA established and pursued an unwritten policy communicated to and followed by management that affected Ms. Johnstone’s employment opportunities including, but not limited to promotion, training, transfer, and benefits on the prohibited ground of family status.

[66] The Tribunal noted that although the CBSA accommodated those seeking accommodation for medical and religious reasons, and although the CBSA departed from its arbitrary policy in other cases, it had been unyielding in Ms. Johnstone’s case.

[67] The Tribunal examined the evidence of Mr. Sheridan, the District Director of Passenger Operations for CBSA at Pearson who gave extensive testimony on Pearson operations. It observed that the level of detail on operations did not really assist in the fundamental questions before the Tribunal.

[68] Mr. Sheridan articulated the CBSA’s view that employees with childcare responsibilities do not require accommodation. CBSA does consider accommodation for religious or medical reasons but treats non-medical accommodation requests as “arrangements” outside of any requirement to accommodate. Requests based on family responsibilities for childcare issues were considered the result of a worker’s personal choice for which the employer bears no responsibility.

[69] The Tribunal understood Mr. Sheridan to be saying that, if Ms. Johnstone was accommodated for childcare responsibilities, management would be inundated with such requests, costs would be prohibitive, and it would be destructive to CBSA Pearson operations. The Tribunal noted when asked under cross-examination if there were many requests returning from maternity leave, he replied in the negative.

[70] Mr. Sheridan offered reasons why part-time work offered for static shifts was restricted to 10 hours a day to a maximum of 34 hours. It was to discourage employees from seeking part-time status nearly equivalent to full-time hours just to get around VSSA. Moreover, he said employees would suffer in terms of energy and focus when working longer than 10 hours. The Tribunal noted Mr. Sheridan acknowledged there were part-time employees working more than 10 hours per day. The Tribunal considered this view about loss of employee effectiveness to be merely impressionistic.

[71] The Tribunal also noted medical considerations were dealt with as requiring accommodation and opined the CBSA had found an efficient and individualized way to deal with medical accommodation at Pearson.

[72] The Tribunal summarized the evidence of Ms. Raby who was then the acting Chief of Terminal 1 at Pearson Passenger Operations. She testified that she was not aware of Ms. Johnstone’s first request. However, the Tribunal found that in following the CBSA’s unwritten policy, Ms. Raby’s approach would not have been any different had she known of Ms. Johnstone’s earlier request. The Tribunal also took note that Ms. Raby could not recall anyone else asking for full-time work on return from maternity leave.

[73] Finally, the Tribunal looked at the evidence of CBSA’s witness, Dr. Moore-Ede, who was qualified as an expert in the study of shift work and extended working hours. His report that concluded that between 31 to 52% of CBSA workers would seek the same accommodation as Ms. Johnstone. The Tribunal found serious flaws in Dr. Moore-Ede’s report, finding that the sampling of workers involved a very small percentage of Canadian workers, the rest being American, and that no questionnaire or surveying had been done of CBSA workers. The Tribunal found that the numbers put forward in the report were not realistic as being founded on either inadequate detail in the question posed or unproven assumptions.

Bona Fide Occupational Requirement [BFOR]

[79] The Tribunal relied on the Supreme Court of Canada’s decision in British Columbia (Public Service Employee Relations Commission) v BCGSEU, [1999] 3 SCR 3 [Meiorin] for the principle that the duty of employers to accommodate is a fundamental legal obligation. It referred to the Council of Canadians with Disabilities v VIA Rail Canada Inc., 2007 SCC 15 [VIA Rail] for the definition of undue hardship. The Tribunal stated that the CBSA must not base its assessment of whether an employee needs accommodation or whether it can implement accommodation measures on impressionistic assumptions.

[74] The Tribunal found there are no viable health and safety concerns about Ms. Johnstone’s ability to perform 13-hour shifts. The Tribunal also noted that no analysis has been done by the CBSA nor any policies put in place since Brown or the Commission direction 10 years later. The Tribunal found that none of the various draft accommodation policy proposals were ever put into action.

[75] The Tribunal concluded that the CBSA had not established a bona fide occupational requirement defence nor had it established a sufficient undue hardship rationale to discharge the onus to show hardship.

[76] The Tribunal found that the CBSA had given management a cursory nominal understanding of human rights legislation and provided no management training or awareness of the details of the Brown decision. Nor had the CBSA undertaken any detailed look at bona fide operational requirements and examined options short of undue hardship.

[77] The Tribunal found that the evidence substantiated Ms. Johnstone’s complaint. Ms. Johnstone had proven prima facie employment discrimination on the basis of family status and the CBSA had not proven a bona fide occupational requirement or hardship necessary to exempt it from the obligation to accommodate for family status arising from childcare responsibilities under the Act.

Remedies

[78] The Tribunal ordered the CBSA to cease its discriminatory practices against employees seeking accommodation based on family status for purposes of childcare responsibilities. It required the CBSA to consult with Ms. Johnstone and the Commission to develop a plan to prevent further incidents of such discrimination. The Tribunal ordered the CBSA establish written policies including processes for individualized assessments to address family status accommodation requests within six months.

[79] The Tribunal ordered that Ms. Johnstone be compensated for her lost wages and benefits, including overtime that she would have received and pension contributions that would have been made had she been able to work on a full-time basis during the period in question. The Tribunal directed that Ms. Johnstone be entitled to pension contributions as a full-time employee during this period.

[80] The Tribunal also awarded Ms. Johnstone $15,000.00 for general damages for pain and suffering pursuant to s 53(2)(e) of the CHRA, and $20,000 for special compensation under s 53(3) of the CHRA, finding that the CBSA had deliberately denied protection to those by ignoring efforts, both externally and internally, to bring about change with respect to its policies on family status accommodation. The Tribunal did not award solicitor client costs in light of the Federal Court of Appeal’s decision in Canada (Attorney General) v Mowat ,2009 FCA 309 [Mowat FCA].

Legislation

[81] The Canadian Human Rights Act, RSC, 1985, c H-6 provides:

2. The purpose of this Act is to extend the laws in Canada to give effect, within the purview of matters coming within the legislative authority of Parliament, to the principle that all individuals should have an opportunity equal with other individuals to make for themselves the lives that they are able and wish to have and to have their needs accommodated, consistent with their duties and obligations as members of society, without being hindered in or prevented from doing so by discriminatory practices based on race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, age, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, family status, disability or conviction for an offence for which a pardon has been granted or in respect of which a record suspension has been ordered. 3. (1) For all purposes of this Act, the prohibited grounds of discrimination are race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, age, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, family status, disability and conviction for which a pardon has been granted. 7. It is a discriminatory practice, directly or indirectly, ... (b) in the course of employment, to differentiate adversely in relation to an employee, on a prohibited ground of discrimination. 10. It is a discriminatory practice for an employer, employee organization or employer organization (a) to establish or pursue a policy or practice, or (b) to enter into an agreement affecting recruitment, referral, hiring, promotion, training, apprenticeship, transfer or any other matter relating to employment or prospective employment, that deprives or tends to deprive an individual or class of individuals of any employment opportunities on a prohibited ground of discrimination. 53. (1) At the conclusion of an inquiry, the member or panel conducting the inquiry shall dismiss the complaint if the member or panel finds that the complaint is not substantiated. (2) If at the conclusion of the inquiry the member or panel finds that the complaint is substantiated, the member or panel may, subject to section 54, make an order against the person found to be engaging or to have engaged in the discriminatory practice and include in the order any of the following terms that the member or panel considers appropriate: (a) that the person cease the discriminatory practice and take measures, in consultation with the Commission on the general purposes of the measures, to redress the practice or to prevent the same or a similar practice from occurring in future, including (i) the adoption of a special program, plan or arrangement referred to in subsection 16(1), or (ii) making an application for approval and implementing a plan under section 17; (b) that the person make available to the victim of the discriminatory practice, on the first reasonable occasion, the rights, opportunities or privileges that are being or were denied the victim as a result of the practice; (c) that the person compensate the victim for any or all of the wages that the victim was deprived of and for any expenses incurred by the victim as a result of the discriminatory practice; (d) that the person compensate the victim for any or all additional costs of obtaining alternative goods, services, facilities or accommodation and for any expenses incurred by the victim as a result of the discriminatory practice; and (e) that the person compensate the victim, by an amount not exceeding twenty thousand dollars, for any pain and suffering that the victim experienced as a result of the discriminatory practice. (3) In addition to any order under subsection (2), the member or panel may order the person to pay such compensation not exceeding twenty thousand dollars to the victim as the member or panel may determine if the member or panel finds that the person is engaging or has engaged in the discriminatory practice wilfully or recklessly. [Emphasis added]

2. La présente loi a pour objet de compléter la législation canadienne en donnant effet, dans le champ de compétence du Parlement du Canada, au principe suivant : le droit de tous les individus, dans la mesure compatible avec leurs devoirs et obligations au sein de la société, à l’égalité des chances d’épanouissement et à la prise de mesures visant à la satisfaction de leurs besoins, indépendamment des considérations fondées sur la race, l’origine nationale ou ethnique, la couleur, la religion, l’âge, le sexe, l’orientation sexuelle, l’état matrimonial, la situation de famille, la déficience ou l’état de personne graciée. 3. (1) Pour l’application de la présente loi, les motifs de distinction illicite sont ceux qui sont fondés sur la race, l’origine nationale ou ethnique, la couleur, la religion, l’âge, le sexe, l’orientation sexuelle, l’état matrimonial, la situation de famille, l’état de personne graciée ou la déficience. 7. Constitue un acte discriminatoire, s’il est fondé sur un motif de distinction illicite, le fait, par des moyens directs ou indirects : ... b) de le défavoriser en cours d’emploi. 10. Constitue un acte discriminatoire, s’il est fondé sur un motif de distinction illicite et s’il est susceptible d’annihiler les chances d’emploi ou d’avancement d’un individu ou d’une catégorie d’individus, le fait, pour l’employeur, l’association patronale ou l’organisation syndicale : a) de fixer ou d’appliquer des lignes de conduite; b) de conclure des ententes touchant le recrutement, les mises en rapport, l’engagement, les promotions, la formation, l’apprentissage, les mutations ou tout autre aspect d’un emploi présent ou éventuel. 53. (1) À l’issue de l’instruction, le membre instructeur rejette la plainte qu’il juge non fondée. (2) À l’issue de l’instruction, le membre instructeur qui juge la plainte fondée, peut, sous réserve de l’article 54, ordonner, selon les circonstances, à la personne trouvée coupable d’un acte discriminatoire : a) de mettre fin à l’acte et de prendre, en consultation avec la Commission relativement à leurs objectifs généraux, des mesures de redressement ou des mesures destinées à prévenir des actes semblables, notamment : (i) d’adopter un programme, un plan ou un arrangement visés au paragraphe 16(1), (ii) de présenter une demande d’approbation et de mettre en oeuvre un programme prévus à l’article 17; b) d’accorder à la victime, dès que les circonstances le permettent, les droits, chances ou avantages dont l’acte l’a privée; c) d’indemniser la victime de la totalité, ou de la fraction des pertes de salaire et des dépenses entraînées par l’acte; d) d’indemniser la victime de la totalité, ou de la fraction des frais supplémentaires occasionnés par le recours à d’autres biens, services, installations ou moyens d’hébergement, et des dépenses entraînées par l’acte; e) d’indemniser jusqu’à concurrence de 20 000 $ la victime qui a souffert un préjudice moral. (3) Outre les pouvoirs que lui confère le paragraphe (2), le membre instructeur peut ordonner à l’auteur d’un acte discriminatoire de payer à la victime une indemnité maximale de 20 000 $, s’il en vient à la conclusion que l’acte a été délibéré ou inconsidéré.

Issues

[82] The issues raised by this application are as follows:

a. What standard of review applies to the Tribunal’s determinations with respect to:

i. interpretation of “family status” in the Act,

ii. the legal test for prima facie discrimination based on family status,

iii. finding of prima facie discrimination based on family status, and

iv. remedies?

b. Did the Tribunal err in interpreting the term “family status” in section 3 of the Act to include childcare responsibilities?

c. Did the Tribunal err in finding the prima facie case of discrimination was established?

d. Did the Tribunal err in making its remedial orders?

Standard of Review

[83] The Applicant submits that the issues relating to the proper interpretation of family status, the legal test for establishing prima facie discrimination and whether the Tribunal erred in crafting its remedial orders are all questions of law to which the standard of correctness applies. While the Act is the home statute for the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal, it is also within the jurisdiction of other tribunals, such as labour, arbitration and public service tribunals.

Interpretation of “family status” in the Act

[84] The Supreme Court of Canada in Dunsmuir v New Brunswick, 2008 SCC 9 [Dunsmuir] held there are two standards of review: correctness and reasonableness. Dunsmuir recognized that deference is generally appropriate where a tribunal is interpreting its home statute. Deference may also be warranted where a tribunal has developed particular expertise in the application of a general common law or civil rule in relation to a specific statutory context (Dunsmuir at para 54). In Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v Khosa, 2009 SCC [Khosa] the Supreme Court confirmed that administrative decision makers are entitled to a measured deference in matters that relate to their special role, function and expertise (Khosa at paras 25-26).

[85] The Supreme Court stated the standard of correctness will continue to apply to constitutional questions, questions of law that are of central importance to the legal system as a whole and that are outside the adjudicator’s expertise as well as questions regarding jurisdictional boundaries between two or more competing specialized tribunals (Dunsmuir at paras 58, 60, 61). Furthermore, the standard of correctness will also apply to true questions of jurisdiction.

[86] Recently, in Canada (Canadian Human Rights Commission) v Canada (Attorney General), 2011 SCC 53 [Mowat SCC], the Supreme Court considered whether the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal could order legal costs as a form of compensation. This issue directly related to the interpretation and application of the Tribunal's own statute namely the Act. The Supreme Court held the question of whether a particular tribunal could grant legal costs was not one of central importance to the Canadian legal system. The Court also found that question was not outside the expertise of the Tribunal. In result the Supreme Court found the Tribunal's decision on the issue of awarding costs based on its interpretation of the relevant provision in the Act to be reviewable on the standard of reasonableness. Mowat SCC at para 27.

[87] In assessing the reasonableness of the Tribunal decision the Supreme Court in Mowat went on to state:

[33] The question is one of statutory interpretation and the object is to seek the intent of Parliament by reading the words of the provision in their entire context and according to the grammatical and ordinary sense, harmoniously with the scheme an object of the Act and the intention of Parliament [citation omitted]. In approaching this task in relation to human rights legislation, one must be mindful that it expresses fundamental values and pursues fundamental goals. It must therefore be interpreted liberally and purposely so that the rights enunciated are given their full recognition and effect: [citation omitted]. However, what is required is nonetheless an interpretation of the text of the statute which respects the words chosen by Parliament.

Accordingly, the standard of review was that of reasonableness keeping in mind the basic principles of statutory interpretation and respect for the words of Parliament.

[88] While the scope of human rights is important and important issues arise because of family matters, it cannot be readily said that the interpretation of “family status” in the Act is a question of law of central importance to the legal system as a whole. It is true that provincial human rights tribunals across the country also address human rights issues arising because of family matters but they do so in accordance with their own legislation and, while preferable, the tribunals are not obligated to apply the same precise interpretation as given in similar provisions in federal or other provincial provisions as long as regard is had for similar purposes.

[89] Turning to the specific question of the standard of review of the Tribunal’s interpretation of “family status” in the Act, the following considerations apply:

a. the Tribunal is interpreting its home statute;

b. the Tribunal is adjudicating within an area in which it has expertise;

c. this question also does not relate to jurisdictional boundaries between competing specialized tribunals; in this respect the various federal tribunals’ that may have regard to the Act, such as labour arbitrators and public service tribunals, have overlapping rather than jurisdictional boundaries; and,

d. the interpretation of “family status” in the Act cannot be said to raise a constitutional question given it involves the interpretation of a federal statute.

[90] Having regard to the teachings in Dunsmuir, Khosa and Mowat SCC and to the above considerations, I conclude that the Tribunal’s determination of whether “family status” includes childcare based on its interpretation of the term in the Act is reviewable on a standard of reasonableness.

Legal Test for Prima Facie Discrimination

[91] In Johnstone FC the Court was reviewing the screening decision of the Commission in dismissing Ms. Johnstone’s complaint. Justice Barnes found the issue was very much like that in Sketchley v Canada (Attorney General), 2005 FCA 404 [Sketchley]. In Sketchley, the Commission’s reasoning was dependent on its legal conclusions as to the precedential value of Scheuneman v Canada (Attorney General), (2000) 266 NR 154 and did not engage the respondent’s specific circumstances and fact situation.

[92] The Federal Court of Appeal undertook a pragmatic and functional approach to the issue in reviewing the Commission’s decision identified as the legal question of whether the employer Treasury Board’s policy was prima facie discriminatory. Sketchley at paras. 61- 81 The Federal Court of Appeal concluded:

[81] Applying the pragmatic and functional approach to the Commission’s particular decision in the TB complaint, the four factors lead on balance to a standard of review of correctness. For its decision with respect to this complaint to be upheld, the Commission was required to have decided correctly the legal question of whether the TB policy is prima facie discriminatory, a question which I consider below.

[93] In Johnstone FC the Federal Court decided the appropriate standard of review of the Commission’s screening decision to be correctness stating:

[18] In this case the Commission was not convinced that the loss of hours suffered by Ms. Johnstone brought about by the CBSA’s fixed shift policy constituted “a serious interference” with her parental duties or that it had a discriminatory impact on the basis of family status. As in Sketchley, above, this characterization of the CBSA’s employment policy as non-discriminatory was based on a discrete and abstract question of law and, as such, it is reviewable on the standard of correctness.

[94] Johnstone FCA was appealed to the Federal Court of Appeal which upheld the Federal Court decision. In doing so, the Federal Court of Appeal stated:

[2] The reasons given by the Commission for screening out the compliant indicate that the Commission adopted a legal test for prima facie discrimination that is apparently consistent with Health Sciences Association of British Columbia v. Campbell River & North Island Transition Society, [2004] B.C.J. No. 922, 2004 BCCA 260 but inconsistent with the subsequent decision of the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal in Hoyt v. C.N.R., [2006] C.H.R.D. No. 33. We express no opinion on what the legal test is. …

[95] In the case at hand the Applicant submits the Tribunal erred in the legal test for establishing prima facie discrimination based on family status.

[96] The requirement for prima facie discrimination was reviewed by the Supreme Court of Canada in O’Malley. The Supreme Court stated a complainant must show a prima facie case of discrimination in proceedings before human rights tribunals describing the test as;

A prima facie case in this context is one which covers the allegations made and which, if they are believed, is complete and sufficient to justify a verdict in the complainant’s favour in the absence of an answer from the respondent-employer.

O’Malley at para 28.

Finding of Prima Facie Discrimination on Family Status

[97] The standard of review applicable to the Tribunal’s finding of prima facie discrimination necessarily involves application of the law to the facts, a question of mixed law and fact. I find this invokes a standard of reasonableness. Dunsmuir para 57.

Remedies

[98] Finally, the standard of review applicable to the assessment of the Tribunal’s remedial orders is dependent on the Tribunal’s findings of fact. As such the Tribunal must address questions of fact and law and fact.

[99] The award of remedies comes within the Tribunal’s area of expertise in deciding factual questions as to the amount of compensation, if any, to award. Furthermore, the issuing of remedial orders to address offending discrimination is entirely within the Tribunal’s discretion as is the question whether punitive damages should be awarded where supported by the facts.

[100] I conclude the standard of review for the Tribunal’s decisions on remedies is that of reasonableness.

Analysis

[101] The Applicant submits the Tribunal erred in adopting an overly broad interpretation of “family status” under the Act. The Applicant submits the Tribunal erred in that it:

a. gave no regard to the ordinary and grammatical meaning of the term “family status” or to Parliament’s use of “status” as a qualifying term;

b. acknowledged the intent of Parliament as reflected in Hansard but held it was not persuasive; and

c. failed to give due regard to the object and purpose of the Act, the inclusion of “family status” in section 3, and the scheme of the Act as a whole.

[102] The Applicant submits the proper interpretation of the term “family status” is one which prevents individuals from being denied opportunities on the basis of arbitrary or stereotypical assumptions relating to irrelevant personal characteristics. It protects against distinctions based on family characteristics for which a person has little or no control. The Applicant submits this term does not include the obligations that arise between the parent and their children including childcare. Rather the intention was to prevent discrimination by reason of the mere fact that being a parent or a parent of a particular child.

[103] The Applicant also contends the inclusion of the qualifying term “status”, which is generally understood to convey a particular position or legal standing, operates to limit the scope of the term “family status”. It refers to a personal characteristic which Parliament deemed should be irrelevant to employment.

Interpretation of “Family Status” in the Act

[104] Section 3 of the Act provides as follows:

3. (1) For all purposes of this Act, the prohibited grounds of discrimination are race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, age, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, family status, disability and conviction for which a pardon has been granted.

The Act does not define the term “family status”.

[105] The Tribunal has previously interpreted “family status” to include regular childcare obligations. In Brown, the Tribunal stated:

It is this Tribunal’s conclusion that the purposive interpretation to be affixed to s. 2 of the CHRA is a clear recognition within the context of “family status” of a parent’s right and duty to strike that balance coupled with a clear duty on the part of an employer to facilitate and accommodate that balance with in the criteria set out in the Alberta Dairy Pool case. To consider any lesser approach to the problems facing the modern family within the employment environment is to render meaningless the concept of “family status” as a ground of discrimination.

Brown at paras 17-18

[106] The Tribunal came to the same conclusion in Hoyt where the Tribunal had found the employer failed to modify an employee’s shift requirements that prevented her from making childcare arrangements for her daughter. In Hoyt, at para 117,the Tribunal referred to the judicial definition of the term family status stating discrimination on this ground has been judicially defined as “….practices or attitudes which have the effect of limiting the conditions of employment of, or employment opportunities available to, employees on the basis of a characteristic relating to their…family”. B. v Ontario (Human Rights Commission), affirmed 2002 SCC 66 [B].

[107] The inclusion of family childcare obligations within family status has been adopted in other forums and jurisdictions: provincial human rights tribunals (Ontario: Wight v Ontario (Office of the Legislative Assembly), [1998] OHRBID No 13; Alberta: Rennie v Peaches and Cream Skin Care Ltd., 2006 AHRC 13 (CanLII) [Rennie]; federal labour boards (Canada Post v Canada Union of Postal Workers (Somerville Grievance, CUPW 790-03-00008, Arb. Lanyon), [2006] CLAD No 371 at para 66, and Rajotte, and provincial and federal superior courts (BC Court of Appeal: Campbell Rive; Federal Court: Johnstone FC.

[108] Human rights legislation has a quasi-constitutional status. This elevated status derives from the fundamental character and values such legislation expresses and pursues. The Supreme Court of Canada has held that human rights legislation must be interpreted in a large and liberal manner in order to attain the objects of the legislation. In CNR v Canada (Human Rights Commission), [1987] 1 SCR 1114 [Action Travail des Femmes] the Supreme Court stated:

24 Human rights legislation is intended to give rise, amongst other things, to individual rights of vital importance, rights capable of enforcement, in the final analysis, in a court of law. I recognize that in the construction of such legislation the words of the Act must be given their plain meaning, but it is equally important that the rights enunciated by given their full recognition and effect. We should not search for ways and means to minimize those rights and to enfeeble their proper impact. Although it may seem commonplace, it may be wise to remind ourselves of the statutory guidance given by the federal Interpretation Act which asserts that statutes are deemed to be remedial and are thus to be given such fair, large and liberal interpretation as will best ensure that their objects are attained. …

[Emphasis added]

[109] The Interpretation Act RSC 1985 c I-21, section 12 provides: “Every enactment is deemed remedial, and shall be given such fair, large, and liberal construction and interpretation as best ensures the attainment of its objectives” The term “family status” in section 3 of the Act should be interpreted in a large and liberal manner consistent with the attainment of the Act’s objectives and purposes stated in section 2:

The purpose of this Act is to extend the laws in Canada to give effect, within the purview of matters coming within the legislative authority of Parliament, to the principle that all individuals should have an opportunity equal with other individuals to make for themselves the lives that they are able and wish to have and to have their needs accommodated, consistent with their duties and obligations as members of society, without being hindered in or prevented from doing so by discriminatory practices based on race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, age, sex, sexual orientation marital status, family status, disability or conviction for an offence for which a pardon has been granted.

[Emphasis added]

[110] The definition of word ‘family’ in the Canadian Oxford Dictionary 2d includes “the members of a household esp. parents and their children.” The definition of the word “status” includes “a person’s legal standing which determines his or her rights and duties”. The two words taken together amounts to more than a mere descriptor of a parent of a child and also can reference the obligations of a parent to care for the child.

[111] There are two other sources which help set context and provide guidance with respect to the question of the interpretation to be given the interpretation of “family status”:

a. first, Brooks v Canada Safeway, [1989] 1 SCR 1219 at para 40 [Brooks] are worth repeating:

Combining paid work with motherhood and accommodating the childbearing needs of working women are ever-increasing imperatives. That those who bear children and benefit society as a whole thereby should not be economically or socially disadvantaged seems to bespeak the obvious.

b. second, in the Report on Equality in Employment, Justice Abella wrote at p 185: “From the point of view of mothers, access to childcare and the nature of such care limits employment options.”
Furthermore, in her Report, Justice Abella relied on the ILO’s 1981 Recommendation Concerning Equal Opportunities and Equal Treatment for Men and Women Workers: Workers with Family Responsibilities. Article 6 of that document contains: “With a view to creating effective equality of opportunity and treatment of men and women workers, each Member should make it an aim of national policy to enable persons with family responsibilities who are engaged or wish to engage in employment to exercise their right to do so without being subject to discrimination and to the extent possible, without conflict between their employment and family responsibilities.”

[112] Finally, it is difficult to have regard to family without giving thought to children in the family and the relationship between parents and children. The singular most important aspect of that relationship is the parents’ care for children. It seems to me that if Parliament intended to exclude parental childcare obligations, it would have chosen language that clearly said so.

[113] In result, I conclude the Tribunal’s conclusion that family status includes childcare obligations is reasonable. It is within the scope of ordinary meaning of the words; it is in accord with decisions in related human rights and labour forums; it is in keeping with the jurisprudence; and it is consistent with the objects of the Act.

Test for Prima Facie Discrimination based on Family Status

[114] The onus is on the complainant to establish discrimination has occurred contrary to the prohibition in the Act. The test of what constitutes a prima facie case of discrimination in human rights cases was set out by the Supreme Court of Canada in O’Malley:

A prima facie case is “one which covers the allegations made and which, if they are believed, is complete and sufficient to justify a verdict in the complainant’s favour in the absence of an answer from the respondent”.

O’Malley,at para 28.

[115] The complainant needs to demonstrate that the employer’s conduct, policies or practices has some differential impact due to a personal characteristic which is recognized as a prohibited ground of discrimination contrary to sections 7 and 10 of the Act. Morris v Canada (Canadian Armed Forces), [2005] FCJ No 731, [Morris] paras 26-28.

[116] The Applicant points to tribunal and court decisions that recognize not all claimants’ conditions will trigger the protection of human rights legislation. (Alberta (Solicitor General) v Alberta Union of Provincial Employees (Jungwirth Grievance), [2010] AGAA No 5; Syndicat Northcrest v Amselem, 2004 SCC 47, paras 46-54 [Amselem]; McGill University Health Centre (Montreal General Hospital) v Syndicat des employés de l’Hôpital general de Montréal, 2007 SCC 4, Abella, concurring at para 49).

[117] The Applicant submits the Tribunal erred in rejecting the test set out Campbell River. In that case the Court of Appeal held that the mere fact that an employee with a family is affected by a policy of the employer would not be sufficient to establish a prima facie case. Rather, discrimination is only made out where the evidence established a serious interference with a substantial parental or other family duty. The British Columbia Court of Appeal set out the test in Campbell River at para 39 to be applied as:

Whether particular conduct does or does not amount to prima facie discrimination on the basis of family status will depend on the circumstances of each case. In the usual case where there is no bad faith on the part of the employer and no governing provision in the applicable collective agreement or employment contract, it seems to me that a prima facie case of discrimination is made out when a change in a term or condition of employment imposed by an employer results in a serious interference with a substantial parental or other family duty or obligation of the employee. I think in the vast majority of situations in which there is a conflict between a work requirement and a family obligation it would be difficult to make out a prima facie case.

[Emphasis added]

[118] The Applicant points out the problem with “family status” discrimination cases are the inherent ambiguity in family responsibilities. The jurisprudence to date have identified family responsibilities for which employees have sought accommodation include karate lessons, attendance at an out-of-town hockey tournament, unspecified commitments of family, continued residence in a particular city, attendance at a spouse’s medical appointments, assisting family members with immigration process and preference to be at home with a pre-school child. The Applicant emphasizes that the Campbell River test calls for “serious interference” with parental obligations.

[119] The Respondent counters with cases that have held otherwise. Hoyt, supra at paras 120-121, Rajotte, supra, rejecting the “serious interference” test from Campbell River, supra; Wight, supra, at para 310, B., supra at paras 44-45, 58; Meiroin, supra, at paras 69-70; Sketchley, supra at para 91; McGill, supra at para 11.

[120] The Tribunal acknowledged that “not every tension that arises in the context of work-life balance can or should be addressed by human rights jurisprudence”. In my view the childcare obligations arising in discrimination claimed based on family status must be one of substance and the complainant must have tried to reconcile family obligations with work obligations. However, this requirement does not constitute creating a higher threshold test of serious interference.

[121] The Federal Court of Appeal held in Morris, supra at para 27:

In other words, the legal definition of a prima facie case does not require the Commission to adduce any particular type of evidence to prove the facts necessary to establish that the complainant was the victim of a discriminatory practice as defined in the Act. Paragraph 7(b) requires only that a person was differentiated adversely on a prohibited ground in the course of employment.

This approach was followed in Johnstone FC and applies equally here.

[122] In Johnstone FC Justice Barnes stated:

30 The Commission’s apparent adoption of the serious interference test for identifying family status discrimination also fails to conform with other binding authorities which have clearly established the test for a finding of prima facie discrimination. Nowhere to be found in those authorities is a requirement that a complainant establish a “serious interference” with his or her protected interests. …

31 On this issue I agree with the legal analysis at para. 38 of the Applicant’s Memorandum of Fact and Law where it stated:

The Applicant submits that the underlying circumstances in the present case are no different, and the same threshold for discrimination should apply. To that end, pursuant to the CHRA, any and all discrimination is contrary to the Act. There is no discretion, and no degree or level of discrimination which must be suffered by the complainant to obtain the protection of the CHRA. Thus, the fact that the Applicant was adversely affected by the Respondent’s policy is sufficient to establish a prima facie case of discrimination, and, by applying a higher standard to the ground of family status in its decision, the Commission erred in law.

Johnstone FC at paras 30-31.

[Emphasis added]

[123] Requiring a higher threshold, a serious interference, for the ground of family status is to lessen the protection on that ground as compared with other protected grounds. I agree that the requirement for a higher threshold for proof of prima facie discrimination for one ground as opposed to the other grounds for which discrimination is prohibited in section 3 would contrary to the remedial purpose and objective of the Act.

[124] The emphasis on the words “a serious issue” in Campbell River confounds the question of employment discrimination on the basis of family status. It is to be remembered that Campbell River involved the employer society changing the hours of employment of an employee mother who needed to be at home after school hours to care for her son who was afflicted with a psychiatric disability and had behavioural problems. The B.C. Court of Appeal stated at para 40:

In the present case, the arbitrator accepted the evidence of Dr. Lund that Ms. Howard’s son has a major psychiatric disorder and that her attendance to his needs during after-school hours was “an extraordinarily important medical adjunct to the son’s well being. In my opinion, this was a substantial parental obligation of Ms. Howard to her son. The decision by the respondent to change Ms. Howard’s hours of work was a serious interference off her discharge of that obligation. Accordingly, the arbitrator erred in not finding a prima facie case of discrimination on the merits of family status.

[Emphasis added]

[125] Simply stated, any significant interference with a substantial parental obligation is serious. Parental obligations to the child may be met in a number of different ways. It is when an employment rule or condition interferes with an employee’s ability to meet a substantial parental obligation in any realistic way that the case for prima facie discrimination based on family status is made out.

[126] In Amselem the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that a person’s freedom of religion is interfered with where the person demonstrates that he or she has a sincere religious belief and a third party interfered, in a manner that is non-trivial or not insubstantial, with that person’s ability to act in accordance with the belief.

[127] The phrase “a substantial parental duty or obligation” equates with and establishes the same threshold as a sincere religious belief. Amselem.

[128] In my view, the serious interference test as proposed by the Applicant is not an appropriate test for discrimination on the ground of family status. It creates a higher threshold to establish a prima facie case on the ground of family status as compared to other grounds. Rather, the question to be asked is whether the employment rule interferes with an employee’s ability to fulfill her substantial parental obligations in any realistic way.

Finding Proof of Prima Facie Discrimination

[129] The Applicant submits the Tribunal focussed only on the impact of the local shift scheduling rule instead of first considering if the rotational shift schedule had an adverse impact and then considering whether the local scheduling rule an employee must accept part-time employment in order to work fixed shifts was reasonable accommodation.

[130] The Applicant argues Ms. Johnstone did not show that rotating shifts interfered with her core obligation as a parent to arrange for childcare for the children. Moreover, she did not show the reasons for the conflict were due to circumstances beyond her control instead of the result of a series of choices she and her husband jointly made. The Applicant submits the evidence before the Tribunal was the availability of childcare depended on a number of choices many of which were in the sole control of the parent: the choice of where to live, what size home to have, the choice to have the father continue to work rotating shifts, their preference to have their children in their care as much as possible or to have only family members provide care, their preference not to pay for childcare and the Respondent Johnstone’s preference to work three days a week.

[131] The Applicant points out Ms. Friendly conceded there was little empirical data on the availability of non-regulated childcare which was the type overwhelmingly used by most Canadians. The Applicant notes Ms. Johnstone acknowledged from 1998-2002 she had worked the rotational shift and also worked a second job on Monday to Thursday 9:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. She did this by switching shifts whenever conflicts arose. Given this, the Applicant submits it is unclear why the Respondent and her husband could not have arranged childcare for certain days, switched shifts or taken family or other leave if necessary. The Applicant also points out no consideration was given to the choice by Ms. Johnstone and her husband to move from a home she owned in Toronto, six kilometres from the airport, to the small town of Cookstown, near Barrie.

[132] The Applicant argues that it was unreasonable for the Tribunal to find that it was doubtful anyone in Ms. Johnstone’s situation would find any third party other than family willing to provide childcare. The Applicant also submits that this finding was unsupported by the evidence.

[133] The Applicant emphasizes that Pearson is a 24 hour, 7 day a week operation and rotating shifts is a condition of employment for all employees. Application of the VSSA to full-time employees cannot be viewed as arbitrary, nor does it engage in stereotypical presumptions about parents of young children. As a result, the Applicant submits prima facie discrimination on the basis of “family status” was not made out on the facts of this case. While it may be that Ms. Johnstone and her husband faced difficulties in balancing their work schedules and their childcare arrangements, these same challenges were faced by other border services officers at Pearson, all of whom were able to resolve the conflict, by making different choices.

[134] Nevertheless I find there was evidence before the Tribunal supporting its conclusion that Ms. Johnston was discriminated against on the basis of her family status.

[135] Ms. Johnstone testified about her efforts to secure childcare which would allow her to continue to work the rotating schedule as set out in VSSA. She investigated both regulated childcare providers and unregulated childcare providers and made broader inquiries in an attempt to secure flexible childcare. She found she could not secure childcare that would allow her to continue under the VSSA schedule.

[136] Ms. Johnstone’s evidence with respect to the need for accommodation was confirmed by expert testimony. Ms. Friendly testified that unpredictability in hours required was the most difficult factor in accommodating childcare and opined that Ms. Johnstone’s situation was one of the most difficult childcare situations she could imagine.

[137] The Tribunal also had evidence the CBSA made no attempt to accommodate Ms. Johnstone or inquire into her individual circumstances, choosing to rely on its unwritten blanket policy.

[138] The Tribunal was in a position to assess whether the CBSA adversely differentiated against Ms. Johnstone compared to treatment of other individuals seeking accommodation for medical and religious reasons, given that it allowed individuals in those groups to continue to work full-time. The CBSA allowed individualized assessments of employees seeking accommodation on medical or religious grounds but responded to Ms. Johnstone on the basis of a blanket policy that required her to forfeit her status as a full-time employee.

[139] The CBSA’s policy was based on the arbitrary assumption that the need for accommodation on the basis of family obligations was merely the result of choices that individuals make, rather than legitimate need.

[140] While the CBSA contended that some of the couples that have children under school age, Ms. Johnstone’s evidence was that virtually all of the couples dealt with their childcare obligations by accepting part-time hours imposed on them in exchange for the static shifts they required.

[141] Finally, there was evidence before the Tribunal that some CBSA employees have been allowed to work more than 10-hour shifts. The Tribunal had the factual basis to conclude there was no support for CBSA’s conclusion that the 10-hour shift maximum was related to a legitimate health or occupational requirement.

[142] On the evidence before it, the Tribunal found Ms. Johnstone was a parent who had substantial childcare obligations and despite her best efforts could not find daycare for her children. The Tribunal also found on the evidence that accommodating Ms. Johnstone would not have caused undue hardship to the CBSA.

[143] In Dunsmuir the Supreme Court stated that “a court conducting a review for reasonableness inquires into the qualities that make a decision reasonable, justification, transparency and intelligibility, but it is also concerned with whether the decision falls within a range of possible acceptable outcomes defensible in respect of the facts and the law”. Dunsmuir para 47. In Newfoundland and Labrador Nurses’ Union v Newfoundland and Labrador (Treasury Board), 2011 SCC 62, [2011] 3 S.C.R. 708 [Newfoundland and Labrador Nurses Union], the Supreme Court emphasized “the reasons must be read together with the outcome and serve the purpose of showing whether the results falls within a range of possible outcomes”. Newfoundland and Labrador Nurses Union para 14.

[144] Here the Tribunal, after addressing the interpretation of “family status” in the legislation, and treatment of the words in jurisprudence, set out the legal test for a prima facie case and considered the evidence before it. The Applicant prefers certain facts and interpretations of these facts but the substance of the matter is the Tribunal had evidence before it that support the outcome it arrived at. In doing so, the Tribunal’s decision falls within a range of possible outcomes.

[145] The Tribunal’s finding that Ms. Johnstone had established a prima facie case of discrimination pursuant to ss. 7 and 10 of the Act. I am satisfied its findings are supported by the evidence and are within the range of reasonable outcomes.

Remedial Orders

[146] The Applicant submits that even if the Tribunal’s findings with respect to prima facie discrimination are sustained, the Tribunal made the following errors of law and mixed fact and law in crafting their remedial order:

a. the Tribunal erred in awarding lost wages for periods of time that Ms. Johnstone’s admitted she was unavailable or otherwise chose not to work;

b. the Tribunal erred in finding CBSA’s conduct toward Ms. Johnstone was wilful and reckless warranting the maximum allowable special compensation under subsection 53(3);

c. the Tribunal exceeded its jurisdiction requiring the CBSA to establish written policies satisfactory to Ms. Johnstone and the Commission.

Lost Wages

[147] The Federal Court of Appeal decision in Chopra v Canada (Attorney General), 2007 FCA 268 [Chopra] confirms that there is no requirement that the Tribunal apply common law principles such as foreseeability and mitigation in the statutory context of the Act:

[37] The fact that foreseeability is not an appropriate device for limiting the losses for which a complainant may be compensated does not mean that there should be no limit on the liability for compensation. The first limit is that recognized by all members of the Court in Morgan, that is, there must be a causal link between the discriminatory practice and the loss claimed. The second limit is recognized in the Act itself, namely, the discretion given to the Tribunal to make an order for compensation for any or all of wages lost as a result of the discriminatory practice. This discretion must be exercised on a principled basis.

Accordingly, the damages in human rights cases are only limited by causality and the requirement that any decision limit the remedial order be made on a “principled basis”.

[148] The Tribunal noted that the parties seemed confident they could reach agreement on the quantum to which Ms. Johnstone would be entitled for lost wages and benefits if the Tribunal ordered compensation on this basis. The Tribunal found Ms. Johnstone would have worked full-time hours from the entire period January 2004 to the present had the impudent scheduling rule not applied to her. The Tribunal had ordered the CBSA to pay the difference between full-time wages and the hours worked other than when she was on her second maternity leave from December 2004 to December 2005.

[149] The Applicant submits the CBSA had no control over the Ms. Johnstone’s decision to reduce her hours from 34 hours to 30 hours during the first period and from 34 hours to 20 hours during the second period. The Applicant also submits that Ms. Johnstone voluntarily opted to reduce her work schedule during the first period to three days a week for a maximum of 30 hours instead of the three and a half days a week for a maximum of 34 hours. After the second parental leave the Applicant submits Ms. Johnstone chose to only work 20 hours per week because her sister was unavailable to provide childcare on Fridays.

[150] The Applicant also submits the Tribunal erred in ordering the CBSA pay Ms. Johnstone full time from August 2007 to August 2008 since she took advantage of unpaid leave provisions under VSSA while her spouse was stationed in Ottawa and she made no effort to seek a position with CBSA in Ottawa. The Applicant submits that there is no causal connection between the lost wages during this period and the alleged discriminatory practice.

[151] The Tribunal’s decision to award full time pay status for part time work does have a causal connection with the discrimination the Tribunal found to have occurred while Ms. Johnstone worked at CBSA operations at Pearson. The Tribunal noted that Ms. Johnstone testified she “would have made it work” had she been granted full time shifts. Ms. Johnstone was not able to work full time regardless of the amount of hours she worked part time.

[152] However, I find it difficult to discern the basis for the Tribunal’s award of full wages for the period Ms. Johnstone was on unpaid leave under VSSA on accompanying her spouse to Ottawa. Both the change in the terms of taking leave and relocating to Ottawa require further rationale for the award for this period which the Tribunal has not provided. Without such, I cannot say there is a causal connection between the discrimination found to have occurred at Pearson and Ms. Johnstone’s sojourn in Ottawa.

[153] The Tribunal’s award of full time wages and benefits is reasonable but for the period from August 2007 to August 2008 when Ms. Johnstone opted for unpaid leave provisions under VSSA to accompany her husband to Ottawa. Since the Tribunal did not address that circumstance satisfactorily, I am referring that portion of the award back to the Tribunal for reconsideration.

Special Compensation

[154] In making an order for special compensation under subsection 53(3) of the Act, the Tribunal must establish the person is engaging or has engaged in discriminatory practice wilfully and recklessly. This is a punitive provision intended to provide a deterrent and discourage those who deliberately discriminate. A finding of wilfulness requires the discriminatory act and the infringement of the person’s rights under the Act is intentional. Recklessness usually denotes acts that disregard or show indifference for the consequences such that the conduct is done wantonly or heedlessly.

[155] The Applicant submits the Tribunal erred in finding the CBSA conduct was wilful and reckless advancing four main arguments:

a. the Tribunal misdirected its inquiry under subsection 53(3) by not focusing on the particular facts relating to Ms. Johnstone’s present complaint, instead directing its inquiry into a review of the CBSA’s failure to implement a ruling in Brown that did not direct the employer to “develop accommodation policies for those seeking accommodation on the ground of family status”;

b. the Tribunal mischaracterized and misconstrued documentary evidence concerning employment equity that were not properly identified by witnesses and were not relevant;

c. the Tribunal ignored evidence of good faith on the part of CBSA’s management including the approach they took to the request for accommodation which included seeking the advice of human resources experts;

d. the Tribunal failed to give due regard to the unsettled nature of the law noting that CBSA’s decision was consistent with that of the earlier Commission decision on October 11, 2005 decision which applied Campbell River.

[156] The Applicant submits there have been a number of conflicting decisions with respect to the meaning and scope of the ground family status by arbitrators, labour boards and human rights tribunals. The Applicant submits that employers are entitled and obliged to adhere to developments in the law but it is unreasonable to find an employer’s conduct to be wilful and reckless when the law is so unsettled.

[157] The Tribunal is a specialized human rights tribunal whose decisions in the area of its expertise are due deference. The gist of the Tribunal’s award on special damages is that the CBSA failed to have regard to the central question of accommodation for family status when it was well aware of the issue arising on the question of childcare.

[158] Administrative decision makers are masters of general proceedings and have significant latitude in applying the rules of evidence. Section 50(3)(c) of the Act provides the Tribunal with a wide discretion to:

Receive and accept in the evidence and other information which on oath or by affidavit or otherwise the member of the panel sees fit whether or not that evidence or information would be admissible in a court of law.

See also Dhanjal v Air Canada, [1996] CHRD No 4 at paras 9-24; aff’d [1997] FCJ 1599.

In result, the Court ought not to reweigh the evidence that was before the Tribunal in this matter.

[159] The CBSA cannot rely on the Commission’s decision to screen out Ms. Johnstone’s complaint when it was overturned by the Court in Johnstone FC. The jurisprudence, including Campbell River, concluded that family status included family childcare obligations. The jurisprudence largely relied upon by the Applicant other than Campbell River turns on fact situations where the purported childcare obligations were matters of personal choice or of a minor nature.

[160] It is open for the Tribunal to conclude the CBSA ignored the jurisprudence when it took the position that family obligations did not fall within family status because having children was a matter of personal choice. It was also open for the Tribunal to find there was no individual analysis by the CBSA of Ms. Johnstone’s request by the CBSA.

[161] The Tribunal identified the basis in evidence to support its award of special compensation. In particular, the Tribunal found the CBSA disregarded the decision in Brown which squarely addressed the issue of family status accommodation for this employer at this worksite, developed but never implemented a policy on family status accommodation, lacked human rights training for senior management levels, and made no attempt to inquire into Ms. Johnstone’s personal circumstances or inform her of options.

[162] Given the deference accorded to the Tribunal on matters concerning its expertise and its identification of the basis for its award of special compensation, I conclude the Tribunal’s order of special compensation is justified.

Exceeding Jurisdiction

[163] Finally, the Applicant submits the Tribunal erred and exceeded its jurisdiction in ordering the CBSA to establish written policies “satisfactory to Ms. Johnstone and the CHRC”. [Emphasis added]. The Applicant submits the Tribunal has no authority to require that such policies be subject to the approval of another party.

[164] The Tribunal’s order to establish policies is authorized by the Act given the wording of paragraph 53(2)(a). The Tribunal has a broad remedial authority to order measures in consultation with the Commission to redress the offending practice or prevent the same or similar practice occurring in the future.

[165] The Tribunal ordered the CBSA to cease its discriminatory practices against employees who seek accommodation based on family status for purposes of childcare and to consult with the Canadian Human Rights Commission to develop a plan to prevent further incidents of discrimination based on family status in the future. The Tribunal further ordered the CBSA to establish written policies satisfactory to Ms. Johnstone and the Canadian Human Rights Commission to address family status accommodation requests within six months and that these policies include a process for individualized assessments of those making such requests.

[166] The Act expressly provides the Tribunal may direct an offending employer involve the Canadian Human Rights Commission by way of consultation and development of measures to redress discriminatory practices:

53(2)(a) that the person cease the discriminatory practice and take measures, in consultation with the Commission on the general purposes of the measures, to redress the practice or to prevent the same or a similar practice from occurring in future, including

(i) the adoption of a special program, plan or arrangement referred to in subsection 16(1), or

(ii) making an application for approval and implementing a plan under section 17;

[Emphasis added]

This legislation overrides the employer’s right to manage its own enterprise without interference from external agencies or persons.

[167] The Act provides that a person who was the subject of discriminatory treatment may receive compensation in the form of lost wages and expenses as well as any pain and suffering experiences. However, it does not provide that a victim may have a role or participate in the development of remedial polices to redress the discriminatory practices.

[168] In ordering the CBSA to develop written policies to address family status accommodation requests satisfactory to Ms. Johnstone, I find the Tribunal exceeded the bounds of the jurisdiction the Act confers on the Tribunal to order remedial measures.

JUDGMENT

THIS COURT’S JUDGMENT is that:

1. The application for judicial review is dismissed subject to the exceptions that follow.

2. The Tribunal’s award of full-time wages and benefits for the period from August 2007 to August 2008 when Ms. Johnstone opted for unpaid leave provisions under VSSA to accompany her spouse to Ottawa is referred back to the Tribunal for reconsideration.

3. The portion of the Tribunal Order that includes Ms. Johnstone as a party to be consulted in the development of written remedial policies is struck.

4. Costs are awarded to the Respondent Johnstone.

“Leonard S. Mandamin”

Judge

FEDERAL COURT

SOLICITORS OF RECORD

DOCKET: T-1418-10

STYLE OF CAUSE: ATTORNEY GENERAL OF CANADA v FIONA ANN JOHNSTONE AND CANADIAN HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION

PLACE OF HEARING: OTTAWA, ONTARIO

DATE OF HEARING: MAY 30, 2011

REASONS FOR JUDGMENT: MANDAMIN J.

DATED: JANUARY 31, 2013

APPEARANCES:

Christine Morh Susan Keenan	FOR THE APPLICANT
Andrew Raven Andrew Astritis	FOR THE RESPONDENT FIONA ANN JOHNSTONE
Ikram Warsame Daniel Poulin	FOR THE RESPONDENT CANADIAN HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION

SOLICITORS OF RECORD:

Myles J. Kirvan Deputy Attorney General of Canada Toronto, Ontario	FOR THE APPLICANT
Raven, Cameron, Ballantyne & Yazbeck LLP Ottawa, Ontario	FOR THE RESPONDENT FIONA ANN JOHNSTONE
Canadian Human Rights Commission Litigation Services Ottawa, Ontario	FOR THE RESPONDENT CANADIAN HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION

2012 Fall Report of the Commissioner of the Environment and Sustainable Development Canada

2012 Fall Report of the Commissioner of the Environment and Sustainable Development

• The Commissioner’s Perspective
• Chapter 1—Atlantic Offshore Oil and Gas Activities
• Chapter 2—Financial Assurances for Environmental Risks
• Chapter 3—Marine Protected Areas
• Chapter 4—A Study of Federal Support to the Fossil Fuel Sector
• Chapter 5—Environmental Petitions

Appendix

• Auditor General Act—Excerpts

Canadian and Dutch data privacy guardians release findings from investigation of popular mobile app Ottawa, Canada and The Hague, The Netherlands, January 28, 2013

Canadian and Dutch data privacy guardians release findings from investigation of popular mobile app

Paginaintro

Ottawa, Canada and The Hague, The Netherlands, January 28, 2013
The Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada (OPC) and the Dutch Data Protection Authority (College bescherming persoonsgegevens, (CBP)) today released their findings from a collaborative investigation into the handling of personal information by WhatsApp Inc., a California-based mobile app developer.
The coordinated investigation is a global first, as two national data protection authorities conducted their work together to examine the privacy practices of a company with hundreds of millions of customers worldwide. This marks a milestone in global privacy protection.
“Our Office is very proud to mark an important world-first along with our Dutch counterparts, especially in light of today’s increasingly online, mobile and borderless world,” said Jennifer Stoddart, Privacy Commissioner of Canada. “Our investigation has led to WhatsApp making and committing to make further changes in order to better protect users’ personal information.”
Jacob Kohnstamm, Chairman of the Dutch Data Protection Authority, adds: “But we are not completely satisfied yet. The investigation revealed that users of WhatsApp – apart from iPhone users who have iOS 6 software – do not have a choice to use the app without granting access to their entire address book. The address book contains phone numbers of both users and non-users. This lack of choice contravenes (Dutch and Canadian) privacy law. Both users and non-users should have control over their personal data and users must be able to freely decide what contact details they wish to share with WhatsApp.”

Downloadinhoud

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​Read the unofficial translation of the Dutch report on the definitive findings (628 KB)
Read the report of findings of the OPC

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Paginainhoud

​Key findings and outcomes
The investigation focused on WhatsApp’s popular mobile messaging platform, which allows users to send and receive instant messages over the Internet across various mobile platforms. While WhatsApp was found to be in contravention of Canadian and Dutch privacy laws, the organization has taken steps to implement many recommendations to make its product safer from a privacy standpoint. At this time however, outstanding issues remain to be fully addressed.The investigation revealed that WhatsApp was violating certain internationally accepted privacy principles, mainly in relation to the retention, safeguard, and disclosure of personal data. For example:

• In order to facilitate contact between application users, WhatsApp relies on a user’s address book to populate subscribers’ WhatsApp contacts list. Once users consent to the use of their address book, all phone numbers from the mobile device are transmitted to WhatsApp to assist in the identification of other WhatsApp users. Rather than deleting the mobile numbers of non-users, WhatsApp retains those numbers (in a hash form). This practice contravenes Canadian and Dutch privacy law which holds that information may only be retained for so long as it is required for the fulfilment of an identified purpose. Only iPhone users running iOS 6 on their devices have the option of adding contacts manually rather than uploading the mobile address numbers of their address books to company servers automatically.
• At the time the investigation began, messages sent using WhatsApp’s messenger service were unencrypted, leaving them prone to eavesdropping or interception, especially when sent through unprotected Wi-Fi networks. In September 2012, in partial response to our investigation, WhatsApp introduced encryption to its mobile messaging service.
• Over the course of the investigation, it was found that WhatsApp was generating passwords for message exchanges using device information that can be relatively easily exposed. This created the risk that a third party may send and receive messages in the name of users without their knowledge. WhatsApp has since strengthened its authentication process in the latest version of its app, using a more secure randomly generated key instead of generating passwords from MAC (Media Acess Control) or IMEI (International Mobile Station Equipment Identity) numbers (which uniquely identify each device on a network) to generate passwords for device to application message exchanges. Anyone who has downloaded WhatsApp, whether they are active users or not, should update to the latest version to benefit from this security upgrade.

Next steps
The OPC and CBP have worked closely together, but have issued separate reports, respecting each country’s data protection law (Canada’s Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA) and the Dutch Data Protection Act (Wet bescherming persoonsgegevens (Wbp)). Following the issuance of their respective reports of findings, the OPC and CBP will pursue outstanding matters independently.
Following investigation, the Dutch Data Protection Act provides for a second phase in which the CBP will examine whether the breaches of law continue and will decide whether it will take further enforcement actions. The Dutch legal framework contains the possibility to enforce the Dutch privacy law by imposing sanctions.
Under Canada’s PIPEDA, the OPC will monitor the company’s progress in meeting commitments made in the course of investigation. In most cases, companies are cooperative in meeting their obligations, and WhatsApp has demonstrated a willingness to fully comply with the OPC’s recommendations. Unlike the CBP, the OPC does not have order making powers.

For full reports of findings, please consult the Dutch and Canadian reports, which can be found online at www.priv.gc.ca and www.dutchdpa.nl

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

WhatsApp’s violation of privacy law partly resolved after investigation by data protection authorities Canadian and Dutch data privacy guardians release findings

WhatsApp’s violation of privacy law partly resolved after investigation by data protection authorities

Canadian and Dutch data privacy guardians release findings from investigation of popular mobile app

Ottawa, Canada and The Hague, The Netherlands, January 28, 2013 —The Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada (OPC) and the Dutch Data Protection Authority (College bescherming persoonsgegevens, (CBP)) today released their findings from a collaborative investigation into the handling of personal information by WhatsApp Inc., a California-based mobile app developer.
The coordinated investigation is a global first, as two national data protection authorities conducted their work together to examine the privacy practices of a company with hundreds of millions of customers worldwide. This marks a milestone in global privacy protection.
“Our Office is very proud to mark an important world-first along with our Dutch counterparts, especially in light of today’s increasingly online, mobile and borderless world,” said Jennifer Stoddart, Privacy Commissioner of Canada. “Our investigation has led to WhatsApp making and committing to make further changes in order to better protect users’ personal information.”
Jacob Kohnstamm, Chairman of the Dutch Data Protection Authority, adds: “But we are not completely satisfied yet. The investigation revealed that users of WhatsApp – apart from iPhone users who have iOS 6 software – do not have a choice to use the app without granting access to their entire address book. The address book contains phone numbers of both users and non-users. This lack of choice contravenes (Dutch and Canadian) privacy law. Both users and non-users should have control over their personal data and users must be able to freely decide what contact details they wish to share with WhatsApp.”

Key findings and outcomes

The investigation focused on WhatsApp’s popular mobile messaging platform, which allows users to send and receive instant messages over the Internet across various mobile platforms. While WhatsApp was found to be in contravention of Canadian and Dutch privacy laws, the organization has taken steps to implement many recommendations to make its product safer from a privacy standpoint. At this time however, outstanding issues remain to be fully addressed.
The investigation revealed that WhatsApp was violating certain internationally accepted privacy principles, mainly in relation to the retention, safeguard, and disclosure of personal data. For example:

• In order to facilitate contact between application users, WhatsApp relies on a user’s address book to populate subscribers’ WhatsApp contacts list. Once users consent to the use of their address book, all phone numbers from the mobile device are transmitted to WhatsApp to assist in the identification of other WhatsApp users. Rather than deleting the mobile numbers of non-users, WhatsApp retains those numbers (in a hash form). This practice contravenes Canadian and Dutch privacy law which holds that information may only be retained for so long as it is required for the fulfilment of an identified purpose. Only iPhone users running iOS6 on their devices have the option of adding contacts manually rather than uploading the mobile address numbers of their address books to company servers automatically.
• At the time the investigation began, messages sent using WhatsApp’s messenger service were unencrypted, leaving them prone to eavesdropping or interception, especially when sent through unprotected Wi-Fi networks. In September 2012, in partial response to our investigation, WhatsApp introduced encryption to its mobile messaging service.
• Over the course of the investigation, it was found that WhatsApp was generating passwords for message exchanges using device information that can be relatively easily exposed. This created the risk that a third party may send and receive messages in the name of users without their knowledge. WhatsApp has since strengthened its authentication process in the latest version of its app, using a more secure randomly generated key instead of generating passwords from MAC (Media Acess Control) or IMEI (International Mobile Station Equipment Identity) numbers (which uniquely identify each device on a network) to generate passwords for device to application message exchanges. Anyone who has downloaded WhatsApp, whether they are active users or not, should update to the latest version to benefit from this security upgrade.

Next steps

The OPC and CBP have worked closely together, but have issued separate reports, respecting each country’s data protection law (Canada’s Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA) and the Dutch Data Protection Act (Wet bescherming persoonsgegevens (Wbp)). Following the issuance of their respective reports of findings, the OPC and CBP will pursue outstanding matters independently.
Following investigation, the Dutch Data Protection Act provides for a second phase in which the CBP will examine whether the breaches of law continue and will decide whether it will take further enforcement actions. The Dutch legal framework contains the possibility to enforce the Dutch privacy law by imposing sanctions.
Under Canada’s PIPEDA, the OPC will monitor the company’s progress in meeting commitments made in the course of investigation. In most cases, companies are cooperative in meeting their obligations, and WhatsApp has demonstrated a willingness to fully comply with the OPC’s recommendations. Unlike the CBP, the OPC does not have order making powers.

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For full reports of findings, please consult the Dutch and Canadian reports, which can be found online at www.priv.gc.ca and www.dutchdpa.nl.

Tragedy & Hope - Be the change YOU want to see in this world

Tragedy & Hope - Be the change YOU want to see in this world

Enbridge's Line 9 reversal project has become a hot button issue in Ontario as Big Oil seeks to expand tar sands markets

Enbridge's Line 9 reversal project has become a hot button issue in Ontario as Big Oil seeks to expand tar sands markets in the 401 corridor, the U.S. and potentially Europe. Line 9 runs from Sarnia, Ontario to Montreal, Quebec, passing within 50 km of an estimated 9.1 million people, including 18 First Nation communities, and directly through 99 towns and cities. In true Orwellian language, the reversal is being sold to the public as a jobs-creating, low impact, and 'ethical' project. It is none of these things.
Early in the application process, Enbridge misled the public by promoting the Line 9 reversal as part of its $3.2 billion "Light Oil Market Access" initiative. Pressure by environmental groups clarified Enbridge's intent to pump tar sands dilbit through Line 9. The early mistrust established by Enbridge foreshadows the ethical doublespeak the public is expected to embrace with the Line 9 reversal. Indeed, the tar sands giga-project is one of the most violent projects on Earth and the extraction of dirty fuel represents at once a blatant case of environmental racism, climate chaos, and ecological catastrophe.
Line 9 was built in 1976 and was designed to carry light crude oil. In July 2012, the National Energy Board (NEB) approved Enbridge's application to reverse the flow of the pipeline from Sarnia to Westover, Ontario, and is currently reviewing Enbridge's application to reverse the rest of the pipeline to Montreal. Crucially, the reversal isn't about the direction of the pipeline flow, but its contents: Enbridge is now openly seeking approval to transport tar sands dilbit from Alberta through Line 9. This raises multiple flags.
First, Line 9 is a 37 years old pipeline and the risks of a spill are higher for dilbit pipelines (particularly old ones) as tar sands crude is more corrosive, and transported under higher heat and pressure. Moreover, if a spill occurs the impact of dilbit is more severe for health, water and land, as dilbit contains higher levels of toxic carcinogens, including naptha and benzene. In 2010, these risks were brought into sharp relief when Enbridge's Line 6B (originally constructed to transport light crude in 1969) ruptured spilling 20,000 barrels of dilbit into the Kalamzoo River in Michigan, a disaster that continues to have devastating impacts on surrounding communities and ecosystems. Most importantly however is the question of 'ethics' and how the Canadian state is responding to the apparent human rights and environmental crisis created by tar sands expansion.
Debunking the jobs argument
A core argument to support the Line 9 reversal has been job creation. In general, job creation has not been the goal of Big Oil -- instead the industry has strived towards mechanization and low-cost labour. The 'jobs' argument for tar sands creates a fictitious division between the economy and the environment, attempting to pit employment against health and environmental concerns. The Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP) has projected that about 6335 jobs in Ontario would be related to tar sands by 2035. While seemingly substantive, this would represent less than 0.1 per cent of jobs in Ontario should an unemployment rate of 10 per cent be maintained with continued population trends -- hardly a boom for a rapidly declining economy. For Line 9 specifically, Mike Harris wrote to the Financial Post suggesting, "Ontario will gain 3,250 person-years of direct and indirect employment, and Quebec will gain 1,969 person-years [over three decades]." Breaking down the math, this translates at best to 108 jobs per year for 30 years related to Line 9 in Ontario, and about 66 in Quebec.

Realistically, the majority of the 'person years' of employment would be short term and take place during initial upgrades to Line 9 terminals and construction of a pumping station to reverse the flow. Importantly many jobs are considered 'indirect,' suggesting even lower projections for actual long term employment related to Line 9. For communities in Ontario and Quebec, Line 9 jobs would therefore benefit a very few in Sarnia and Montreal, while the risk of spill affects an estimated 9.1 million people. For Big Oil, the project anticipates billions in revenue at royalty and tariff rates amongst the lowest in the world.
Greedy corporate interests, and a religious belief in neoliberal doctrine by government has meant organized labour has faced massive legislative attacks through Bill C45, and a host of provincial regulations, including Bill C115 in Ontario. In Sarnia, manufacturing jobs have been on the decline for decades. A 2011 report by the Sarnia-Lambton Workforce Development Board notes that between 2001 and 2011, about 1514 jobs were lost in the petrochemical industry, while between 2008 and 2010 about 30 jobs were created. Between 2011 and 2016, the report anticipates a whopping 44 additional jobs will be created. Doing the math, that is an approximate net ratio of 20:1 jobs lost vs. jobs gained in chemical valley over a 15 year period. However, the production and export of petrochemicals has steadily increased since 2000, with a slight decline following the 2008 economic crisis. It's not about jobs, it's about profit, and exploitation.
In Alberta the much heralded tar sands job 'boom' has relied on a racist temporary foreign workers (TFW) program that bars migrant workers from accessing citizenship, as well as upon economic apartheid with a recently legislated 15 per cent difference in pay for 'new' immigrants. This month, the Tyee.ca reported: "Alberta currently has the highest per capita use of migrant workers, largely due to the oil sands projects -- 22 times higher than the rest of the Canada -- and their situation reveals troubling rates of mistreatment. As a 2010 audit by the Alberta Ministry of Employment and Immigration discovered, 74 per cent of migrant workers were mistreated by their employers, who typically violated labour laws on overtime, holiday and vacation pay." Clearly, just, fair, and unionized employment are not goals for tar sands development.
Line 9 reversal: Did you say 'Ethical'?
Communities along Line 9 have expressed opposition to the reversal, citing health, safety, and environmental risks associated with dilbit oil. Politically, these communities have received little support as all three major federal parties have in principle supported the Line 9 reversal, touting its potential economic benefits. In line with politicians, the most zealous endorsement of the Line 9 reversal comes from EthicalOil.org, an organization with documented ties to the Harper government and Big Oil, which in 2012 launched an online petition in support of the Line 9 reversal. The preamble reads: "This should be a no-brainer: more Canadian jobs across the country and more support for ethical Canadian oil instead of bloodstained oil coming from OPEC's tyrants." According to McEthicalTM, reversing Line 9 is a crucial step in ending Canada's "reliance on conflict oil from places like Saudi Arabia, Venezuela and Nigeria. Conflict oil destroys the environment, supports human rights abusers, fuels conflict and war, and exploits its workers."
In denouncing "human rights abusers" and environmental destruction "over there" in OPEC nations, Ethical Oil implicitly paints 'Canada' as a site of freedom, justice, and equality and in so doing, glosses over the devastation perpetuated through the expansion of the tar sands. Domestically, tar sands expansion occurs through the erosion of First Nation rights, exploitation of migrant workers, and criminalization of dissent. Indeed, Canada has been repeatedly condemned by the United Nations for its treatment of Indigenous peoples and by migrant justice activists for its racist immigration policies. Moreover, state repression of political dissent in Toronto during the G20 in 2010, and in Montreal during the Quebec student strike made apparent the will to protect the political and economic status quo over justice and democracy. CSIS, RCMP, OPP, FBI and industry monitoring of First Nation communities concerned about land issues has been widely documented.
Internationally, Canada has become the fuel tank for the U.S. military, the most aggressive and violent force on Earth. Similarly, Canada's extractive industry is globally associated with human rights abuses including forced displacement, gang rapes, targeted assassinations and mine security abuse. In late 2010 a leaked report from the Prospectors and Developers Association revealed that Canadian mining companies are implicated in four times as many violations of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as mining companies from other countries. What's more, despite an acknowledgement in 2005 from Canada's Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Trade (SCFAIT) that Canada, "does not yet have laws to ensure that the activities of Canadian mining companies in developing countries conform to human rights standards," the state has yet to create any regulatory framework for keeping this sector accountable. Ethical indeed.
Ground Zeros: Impacts and issues
At ground zero in Alberta, the Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation (ACFN) has been at the forefront of communities who for decades have called for health and environmental monitoring of tar sands projects. Environmental toxins including carcinogens, gene mutagens, and endocrine disruptors have been poorly tracked by governments, despite widespread knowledge since the 1970s by the Department of Indian Affairs and Department of the Environment of both their existence and potential health impacts (see Larry Pratt's 1976 The Tar Sands: Syncrude and the Politics of Oil). In 2008, Alberta Health indicated a 30 per cent increase of cancers in the community of Fort Chipewyan (where most ACFN members reside). Reports by Elders and community leaders document much more extreme environmental and community health changes, yet still a comprehensive study of health and environmental impacts has not taken place. Only this year -- 81 years after the first tar sands plant came online, and 34 years since the major Syncrude operation began -- have Federal scientists confirmed that carcinogens from tar sands operations are travelling and accumulating in watersheds north of operations.
In Ontario, the Aamjiwnaang First Nation near Sarnia has been described as a 'sacrifice zone' and is considered the most polluted place in North America by the World Health Organization. Currently, an estimated 225 000 barrels per day (bpd) of tar sands are being processed in Sarnia, and the Line 9 reversal will increase dilbit flow by 300 000 bpd. In Michigan, Enbridge has shamelessly used the Line 6B rupture and repair operation to increase the capacity of the pipeline to 500 000 bpd, bringing the total estimated flow of tar sands to Sarnia to over 1 million bpd if the Line 9 and Line 6B projects reach completion. When landowners in Michigan affected by the Kalamazoo spill began to resist Enbridge's plans to rebuild the ruptured 6B pipeline, the US government threatened expropriation of their lands to complete the project.
Sixty-three petrochemical refineries surround Aamjiwnaang (an estimated one third on stolen Aamjiwnaang lands) and it is the first community documented to experience endocrine disruption from pollution: two females are born for every male on the reserve, and 40 per cent of women experience miscarriages. Despite international knowledge of endocrine disruption and a 'cancer epidemic' in the community, the governments of Ontario and Canada have failed to conduct a baseline health study. Both Aamjiwnaang and ACFN citizens have been described the impact of tar sands as a 'slow industrial genocide.'
Tar sands, colonization and resistance
The expansion of the tar sands, and the sixty-three refineries surrounding Aamjiwnaang First Nation are markers of Canada's ongoing colonial legacy, though communities have been actively resisting. Several First Nations have launched lawsuits against governments and industry related to tar sands, asserting that the projects are illegal because in destroying local ecology, the projects violate First Nation’s constitutionally protected Treaty Rights to health, cultural traditions, and land/water integrity (see Aamjiwnaang citizens lawsuit, Beaver Lake Cree lawsuit, and ACFN lawsuits).
In September 2012 the Harper government made public its intentions to terminate the Inherent Treaty rights of First Nations, and in December passed Bill C-45, which makes major changes to environmental legislation, labour laws, and the Indian Act. A recent Greenpeace access to information request revealed that Harper took direction from Big Oil in crafting Bill C45. However, the legislative attack by Harper motivated Chief Spence to commence her fast and demonstrate to the globe true ethics in the face of oppression and environmental racism.
Since the passage of the illegal and undemocratic Bill C45, both the fast by Chief Spence and the Idle No More movement have sparked the largest social movement for Native rights seen on Turtle Island. Civil disobedience has spread throughout the continent with political marches, round dances, blockades, and teach-ins organized to bring attention to land, water and human rights abuses. Importantly, Chief Spence, and Idle No More have inspired and strengthened to voices of those speaking out about the destruction brought by tar sands developments. On Dec. 21, 2012 Aamjiwnaang community members launched a 13 day blockade of a CN Railway switch-line into chemical valley in support of both Chief Spence, and Idle No More, actively keeping 420 rail cars per day from transporting toxic chemicals in and out of their community.
Disturbingly, McEthicalTM spokesperson Ezra Levant has reverted to race-baiting in response to Idle No More, characterizing the 'Indian uprising' as a 'criminal' and even 'terrorist' movement. With regards to tar sands, Ethical Oil has positioned employment in First Nation communities as moral legitimacy for the destruction of land-based economies. Generations of Native communities have experienced apartheid, residential schools, and land theft under the 'Indian Act,' and employment at the community level has been described as akin to ‘feeling like economic hostages’.
Communities have not been given a choice about tar sands development, rather they have had to adapt to unabated expansion. Alternate economic visions based on ecologically and culturally sustainable industries have never been seriously considered. Rather, for communities downstream of projects, inflated prices on basic necessities like food, water, and hydro are the legacies of tar sands development. For those who harvest from the land to subsidize high food costs, the bioaccumulation of toxins in food and medicines has created serious health concerns, and forced many to abandon cultural traditions.
'Canadian' ethics and global climate change
The Harper government has sabotaged international climate negotiations at the United Nations, and is the only country in the world to walk away from the Kyoto accord. NASA scientist James Hansen has argued that further exploitation of the tar sands means game over for the climate, yet the Harper government is ignoring facts in favour of an ideological economic vision of Canada as an 'energy superpower.' Indeed, Harper has cut funding for world renowned climate research while greenhouse gas emissions have continued to grow, and tar sands have been the single largest contributor to increased emissions.
Climate change is expected to contribute to the displacement of an estimated 150 million people by 2050, yet Canada's borders are tightening. The acceptance rate for refugees has declined by roughly 40 per cent since the 1980s, and an average of 15,000 people per year are deported (see more). New federal immigration policies deny refugees healthcare and authorize the government to indefinitely detain refugees who cannot be processed quickly enough or who are deemed "bogus" by the Minister of Immigration. Meanwhile, the amount of people allowed to enter the country under exploitative Temporary Foreign Workers programs continues to rise, providing cheap and precarious labour for tar sands extraction. The Canadian state, provincial governments, and corporations invested in the tar sands have an interest in controlling the flow of people across Canadian borders, and determining under what conditions people are allowed to stay and work in the country.
Attacks on labour, racist immigration policies, violations of Indigenous Rights, international human rights abuses, and no accountability to a planet facing climate chaos are the current realities of 'Canadian ethics,' as espoused by 'Ethical Oil' and the Canadian state. However, communities and allies in Ontario and Quebec are stepping up to stop the Line 9 reversal, because ours is an ethics that embraces free, prior and informed consent, the rights of all peoples, and respect for the earth. We hope you join us.

Globe and Mail reports that a new poll found a solid majority (59 per cent) did not want the debate reopened,

It has been 25 years since the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that banning abortion was unconstitutional and, except for a handful of political flare-ups, that is largely where the debate has rested since.

That is fine and dandy for the general public who, much like their personal finances, would rather just not talk about it.

The Globe and Mail reports that a new poll found a solid majority (59 per cent) did not want the debate reopened, against 30 per cent who did. Another 11 per cent of respondents didn't even seem to want to debate whether the debate should be reopened.

Mario Canseco, vice-president of the polling firm, Angus Reid, told the Globe:

Canadians have mixed feelings about abortion but the attitude is: ‘Let sleeping dogs lie.'

[ Related: Abortion debate rages 25 years after Supreme Court ruling ]
Remember the last U.S. election? When it seemed every Republican near a microphone shared their thoughts on abortion? Representative Todd Akin introduced the world to “legitimate rape” and others compounded the problem, forcing Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney and his running mate to discuss their own positions on the matter.
North of the border, we have largely avoided swimming in that pool. Officially, Prime Minister Stephen Harper is among those who would rather see Pandora's Box remain sealed.
"Very clearly I am against reopening that debate," he said during the 2011 federal election. "That is my position, now and in the past five years as well, and as long as I am prime minister, we will not reopen the debate on abortion."
[ Related: Parents take fight for double parental-leave to Supreme Court ]
But of course that hasn't stopped the debate from rearing its head from time to time. In September, a Conservative backbencher put forward a motion to review the legal definition of a human being — currently set at the moment it emerges from its mother.
The bill, seen as a bid to establish legal rights for fetuses, was voted down.
In December, another Conservative MP brought forth a motion condemning sex-selective abortion. And while no one was on the side of gender discrimination, some critics viewed the move as bid to open a side door on the abortion debate.
The front door of the abortion debate will remain closed as long as Canadians want it to remain that way. And, really, is there anything that could make Canadians want to talk about abortion?
It’s not as if Justin Bieber’s mother is suddenly going to become a vocal anti-abortion advocate. Things like that just don’t happen in Canada. Please and thank you.