Friday, December 16, 2011
Public Safety Minister Vic Toews acted unreasonably when he refused to allow two Canadians imprisoned in the United States to serve out their sentences in Canada, a Federal Court judge has ruled.
OTTAWA — Public Safety Minister Vic Toews acted unreasonably when he refused to allow two Canadians imprisoned in the United States to serve out their sentences in Canada, a Federal Court judge has ruled.
In two decisions posted to the Federal Court website Thursday, Justice James O’Reilly overturned Toews’ rejection of applications under the International Transfer of Offenders Act filed by Montreal native Franco Tangorra and Tomaso Villano, of Richmond Hill, Ont. Both men were arrested by American authorities for trying to traffic in or import large quantities of the drug Ecstasy.
Tangorra mailed 30,000 units of Ecstasy, concealed in motorcycle helmets, to an undercover agent. He was arrested in 2007 when he tried to collect payment and is now serving a sentence of seven years and three months in a U.S. prison. He is due for release in 2014.
Villano and an accomplice were caught in a New York State parking lot in 2006 with two garbage bags containing more than 100,000 Ecstasy pills. His sentence runs until October, 2012.
Tangorra had no previous criminal record, and Villano’s only other conviction was for failing to stop at the scene of an accident. Tangorra’s file included a supportive letter from his MP and a declaration from his wife that he was a good husband and father.
In rejecting the two applications, Toews disregarded evidence presented by the Correctional Service of Canada (CSC) that neither Tangorra nor Villano was likely to re-offend and that their transfers would pose no threat to Canada’s security.
According to O’Reilly’s written decisions, CSC said both men have social and family ties in Canada. If not transferred, CSC told Toews, they’d be deported to Canada at the end of their sentences and would not be subject to any supervision or control.
The rationale for transferring offenders is that it will aid in their rehabilitation and reintegration to society. “Our argument is that public safety is better served by the transfer,” said John Conroy, the Abbotsford, B.C. lawyer who represents both Tangorra and Villano.
“If a person isn’t transferred, then they’ll be deported free and clear, without any restriction,” Conroy said. “A gradual release we know is far more in the public interest in terms of public safety than having someone go to warrant expiry, then unlocking the door and kicking them out.”
O”Reilly’s intervention doesn’t clear the way for Tangorra and Villano to return to Canada, however. Instead, their cases will go back to Toews for reconsideration. Conroy said re-hearings — which typically occur within 60 days — are usually successful, but not always.
When Liberal governments were in power, they routinely approved transfer applications. But in a policy shift that has created a diplomatic flap with the United States, Conservative ministers have begun to reject a majority of them.
According to CSC data, the minister of public safety approved just 27 per cent of 89 transfer applications he considered in 2009-10, the latest year for which figures are publicly available. Nearly two-thirds of denials over the past decade involve people convicted of drug offences.
After judicial review, the Federal Court has been overturning a significant number of more recent ministerial denials. But the government’s omnibus crime bill, which received third reading in the House of Commons earlier this month, broadens the grounds under which the minister can deny transfer requests in future.
Until now, he could only reject applications on the basis of national security or if offenders were affiliated with organized crime. But the amended law says transfers can be denied if the minister believes offenders would endanger public safety or the safety of a child, or would continue to engage in criminal activity.
The Canadian Civil Liberties Association has argued that the amendments give the minister “an unconstitutional level of discretion” over whether Canadian citizens incarcerated abroad can return to Canada.
Irwin Cotler, the Liberal justice critic, said the changes raise the possibility of “untrammelled discretion” for the minister in approving or rejecting transfer requests. “It takes an objective assessment and makes it not only subjective, but he can actually, in an open-ended way, make a determination on any consideration whatsoever.”
Lisa Filipps, a spokeswoman for Public Safety Canada, said in an email that the government is “taking action to emphasize the protection of society as the paramount principle of our federal corrections system.”
It’s acting, she said, to ensure that Canadians “are safe and secure in their communities and, at the same time, that offenders are held accountable for their actions in Canada and abroad.”
In his review of Tangorra’s case, O’Reilly noted that Toews alluded to information that identified him as being linked to organized crime. According to CSC, those links were as a courier. Given the “unique facts and circumstances” of his case, Toews concluded, “a transfer would not achieve the purposes of the Act.”
But O’Reilly pointed out that the law requires him to intervene “where the decision does not include a conclusion that would justify the denial. A decision should also be quashed when it is based on information to which the applicant had no opportunity to respond. Both grounds apply here.”
In the case of Villano, Toews also cited the “unique facts and circumstances.” He noted that Villano’s offence involved a large quantity of drugs. Because he had an accomplice, Toews said others were probably involved who would have benefited financially had Villano been successful.
However, said O’Reilly, the minister didn’t actually conclude that Villano would commit an organized crime offence if transferred to Canada. “In fact, there was no evidence before him of any connection to organized crime.”
A spokesman for Toews said it would “not be appropriate” for the minister to comment on the cases.
Read more: http://www.ottawacitizen.com/news/Federal+judge+overturns+minister+attempt+convicts+jailed+from+serving+sentences+Canada/5867864/story.html#ixzz1gj6wcCD2
Wednesday, December 14, 2011
A class-action lawsuit by travellers who paid extra for seats on Air Canada flights because they were obese or disabled has received permission to take off from a Quebec judge.
A class-action lawsuit by travellers who paid extra for seats on Air Canada flights because they were obese or disabled has received permission to take off from a Quebec judge.
The lawsuit has been authorized by Quebec Superior Court Judge Catherine La Rosa, the Quebec-based law firm handling the case said Monday.
David Bourgoin, lead lawyer for the class-action suit, said 10 to 20 people have come forward with an interest to join to class, adding there has been "a lot of interest" from organizations and groups that represent people with medical conditions that may make them eligible for inclusion.
He said the intention is for those groups to encourage people they work with to come forward.
"We've asked for punitive damages and moral damages, too," said Bourgoin, of BGA Barristers and Solicitors, which has offices in Montreal and Quebec City.
"It's a violation of fundamental rights to discriminate against people with (medical) deficiencies."
The suit seeks $1,000 for "damages for pain, suffering or inconvenience with interest" and an additional $500 for "punitive and exemplary damages with interest" for all people involved.
Read more: http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Canada+class+action+suit+gets/5849679/story.html#ixzz1gT8W20wz
Tuesday, December 13, 2011
Evidence admitted despite Charter violations: G20 Geek,”
Evidence admitted despite Charter violations
This frame grab shows Byron Sonne being interviewed by Toronto police Det. Tam Bui on June 23, 2010. Sonne was jailed for 330 days in pre-trial custody before he was granted bail in May.
At times it was hard for Byron Sonne’s father to keep his exasperation to himself.
During the first day of his son’s trial, Bue Sonne shook his head so animatedly while the Crown reviewed photos of the various chemicals in his son’s garage and workshop that Bue’s wife, Valerie, had to shush him.
“I have this stuff in my garage,” he whispered.
Byron Sonne, a 39-year-old computer hacker dubbed the “G20 Geek,” is charged with possessing explosive materials and “counselling the commission of mischief not committed” in the lead-up to the G20 Summit in Toronto.
He was arrested on June 22, 2010, and accused of plotting to bomb the meeting of world leaders while allegedly using social media to encourage others to disrupt the security apparatus. Sonne, who has no criminal record, spent 11 months in pre-trial custody before he was released on bail in May.
The first month of his highly anticipated trial, before judge alone, was spent arguing legal motions regarding the admissibility of evidence.
While conceding that police violated Sonne’s Charter rights — at least in part — at various points in their investigation, Justice Nancy Spies ruled Monday to allow the bulk of the Crown’s evidence, setting the stage for a long and protracted trial that won’t conclude until the spring.
After this week’s hearings, the trial will adjourn to March 17, due to scheduling conflicts.
Spies did not provide the full reasons for her ruling, but she said despite some individual breaches of rights, including the evidence would not bring the “administration of justice into disrepute,” as Sonne’s lawyers had argued.
They had sought the exclusion of most of the evidence against their client, arguing that police showed a general disregard for Sonne’s rights and a pattern of Charter violations, ranging from how they unlawfully obtained his identification by threatening to charge him with jaywalking, to using search warrant applications — parts of which were later disproved — riddled with conjecture.
Spies dismissed the argument that the search warrant applications were deliberately misleading, instead favouring the Crown’s position that although there were flaws, taken as a whole there was sufficient evidence and reasonable grounds to obtain a warrant.
Sonne’s lawyers declined to comment on Spies’ ruling since she did not release the reasons for her decision.
Sonne, a hobby chemist and hyperactive tinkerer, admitted to police in recorded interviews — available on YouTube here and here — that he did in fact possess materials that could be combined to make explosives, but he had not combined them.
What police originally thought was a homemade detonator turned out to be an electric thermometer.
On Wednesday, an explosives expert will begin testimony about the materials found in Sonne’s house.
This frame grab shows Byron Sonne being interviewed by Toronto police Det. Tam Bui on June 23, 2010. Sonne was jailed for 330 days in pre-trial custody before he was granted bail in May.
At times it was hard for Byron Sonne’s father to keep his exasperation to himself.
During the first day of his son’s trial, Bue Sonne shook his head so animatedly while the Crown reviewed photos of the various chemicals in his son’s garage and workshop that Bue’s wife, Valerie, had to shush him.
“I have this stuff in my garage,” he whispered.
Byron Sonne, a 39-year-old computer hacker dubbed the “G20 Geek,” is charged with possessing explosive materials and “counselling the commission of mischief not committed” in the lead-up to the G20 Summit in Toronto.
He was arrested on June 22, 2010, and accused of plotting to bomb the meeting of world leaders while allegedly using social media to encourage others to disrupt the security apparatus. Sonne, who has no criminal record, spent 11 months in pre-trial custody before he was released on bail in May.
The first month of his highly anticipated trial, before judge alone, was spent arguing legal motions regarding the admissibility of evidence.
While conceding that police violated Sonne’s Charter rights — at least in part — at various points in their investigation, Justice Nancy Spies ruled Monday to allow the bulk of the Crown’s evidence, setting the stage for a long and protracted trial that won’t conclude until the spring.
After this week’s hearings, the trial will adjourn to March 17, due to scheduling conflicts.
Spies did not provide the full reasons for her ruling, but she said despite some individual breaches of rights, including the evidence would not bring the “administration of justice into disrepute,” as Sonne’s lawyers had argued.
They had sought the exclusion of most of the evidence against their client, arguing that police showed a general disregard for Sonne’s rights and a pattern of Charter violations, ranging from how they unlawfully obtained his identification by threatening to charge him with jaywalking, to using search warrant applications — parts of which were later disproved — riddled with conjecture.
Spies dismissed the argument that the search warrant applications were deliberately misleading, instead favouring the Crown’s position that although there were flaws, taken as a whole there was sufficient evidence and reasonable grounds to obtain a warrant.
Sonne’s lawyers declined to comment on Spies’ ruling since she did not release the reasons for her decision.
Sonne, a hobby chemist and hyperactive tinkerer, admitted to police in recorded interviews — available on YouTube here and here — that he did in fact possess materials that could be combined to make explosives, but he had not combined them.
What police originally thought was a homemade detonator turned out to be an electric thermometer.
On Wednesday, an explosives expert will begin testimony about the materials found in Sonne’s house.
Monday, December 12, 2011
Former Parti Québécois cabinet minister Daniel Paille has been elected the new leader of the Bloc Québécois.
Former Parti Québécois cabinet minister Daniel Paille has been elected the new leader of the Bloc Québécois.
"We have work to do," he said in his victory speech in French. "But that work is exceptional. Imagine, we have a unique chance, as a people, to build our country. I believe this."
Paille won on a second ballot against Maria Mourani. His total vote was 7,868 or 61.2 per cent. Mourani placed second, scoring 4,972 votes or 38.7 per cent of the vote. Jean-Francois Fortin was third.
Paille, 61, won the leadership but the election was hardly impressive. A sign of how moribund the Bloc has become, of the 36,341 paid-up members eligible to vote, only 14,039 bothered to mail in their ballots. That represents a participation rate of 38.7 per cent.
At the time of the May 2 federal election where the New Democrats crushed them, the Bloc had 50,000 members. That means a quarter of the members did not bother to renew their cards.
"We have work to do," he said in his victory speech in French. "But that work is exceptional. Imagine, we have a unique chance, as a people, to build our country. I believe this."
Paille won on a second ballot against Maria Mourani. His total vote was 7,868 or 61.2 per cent. Mourani placed second, scoring 4,972 votes or 38.7 per cent of the vote. Jean-Francois Fortin was third.
Paille, 61, won the leadership but the election was hardly impressive. A sign of how moribund the Bloc has become, of the 36,341 paid-up members eligible to vote, only 14,039 bothered to mail in their ballots. That represents a participation rate of 38.7 per cent.
At the time of the May 2 federal election where the New Democrats crushed them, the Bloc had 50,000 members. That means a quarter of the members did not bother to renew their cards.
Sunday, December 11, 2011
Sweden was one of four European Union member states to scupper hopes of a 27-country agreement to help strengthen the euro, but nevertheless plans to participate in the creation of a European bailout fund.
Sweden was one of four European Union member states to scupper hopes of a 27-country agreement to help strengthen the euro, but nevertheless plans to participate in the creation of a European bailout fund.
Speaking with the TT news agency on Friday morning, Swedish prime minister Fredrik Reinfeldt also expressed doubts about the likelihood of Sweden agreeing to abide by the pact, which was forged by the 17 eurozone countries, and which six other EU member states had at that time elected to support.
“It's not that Sweden, which isn't a member of the euro, wants to tie itself to rules which are completely tailored for the eurozone,” he said.
“The whole text is written to make eurozone members submit to certain restrictions and do certain things. A non-eurozone country can't reasonably sign up to that.”
Following an intense night of negotiations, Sweden, the UK, Hungary, and the Czech Republic refused signal their support for a deal requiring tighter fiscal discipline among the eurozone countries through changes to the current EU treaty.
Hopes for a deal stumbled in part over the UK's desire to include protections from future financial regulations that would have accompanied the treaty changes proposed by Germany and France.
While Britain and Hungary at first refused to sign on to the deal, Sweden and the Czech Republic had requested time to consult with their respective parliaments before agreeing to the new pact.
As a result, the 23 remaining EU members states agreed to forge an agreement for rules that would penalize fiscal profligacy and to increase resources available to bailout troubled EU economies through additional pledges to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the establishment of a new European bailout fund.
Later on Friday morning, however, Reinfeldt received clearance from the Riksdag's EU committee to approve the protocol changes agreed to by the eurozone countries, meaning Sweden has no plans to stand in the way of the deal.
Specifically, the committee approved Sweden's participation in a loan from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) that will help support a European bailout fund.
The committee also agreed to having Sweden support changes to the EU treaty that allow for countries that mismanage their economies to be punished, but stopped short of having Sweden abide by the new rules.
The question of the size of Sweden's contribution remains up for negotiation, according to the Europaportalen.se, a Swedish news website focusing on EU politics.
“We're not saying no. We think it's good that the eurozone countries have come up with something in all this chaos and we're not going to close the door on the eurozone countries as they try to put their economies in order,” EU committee vice chair Marie Granlund of the Social Democrats, told TT.
Liberal Party (Folkpartiet) MP Carl B.Hamilton, chair of the EU committee, was highly critical of the UK, which has refused to support the pact.
“They're splitting Europe. Great Britain has acted in an nonconstructive way. 'Unhelpful' as they say in English,” Hamilton told Europaportalen.se.
While there is no indication that Sweden plans to join the 23 other countries which have so far agreed to abide by the new budget rules, the possibility remains open that Sweden could join at a later date.
“We'll have to see what is actually meant by joining voluntary. We can't have any overoptimistic hopes that we can affect politics for the whole of Europe. But if we join, we can protect ourselves against having other countries make decisions that could injure us,” said Hamilton.
While Hamilton indicated his Liberal Party was open to Sweden eventually joining the pact, Granlund said the Social Democrats remain opposed.
“It would conflict with what the Swedish people have said in the referendum. It would mean an all to large involvement in the Swedish economy,” she told Europaportalen.se.
Exact details of the deal remain to be worked out in the coming months and will be enshrined in an international agreement parallel to the EU's current treaty.
However, the goal remains to eventually have the changes included in the EU treaty.
Speaking with the TT news agency on Friday morning, Swedish prime minister Fredrik Reinfeldt also expressed doubts about the likelihood of Sweden agreeing to abide by the pact, which was forged by the 17 eurozone countries, and which six other EU member states had at that time elected to support.
“It's not that Sweden, which isn't a member of the euro, wants to tie itself to rules which are completely tailored for the eurozone,” he said.
“The whole text is written to make eurozone members submit to certain restrictions and do certain things. A non-eurozone country can't reasonably sign up to that.”
Following an intense night of negotiations, Sweden, the UK, Hungary, and the Czech Republic refused signal their support for a deal requiring tighter fiscal discipline among the eurozone countries through changes to the current EU treaty.
Hopes for a deal stumbled in part over the UK's desire to include protections from future financial regulations that would have accompanied the treaty changes proposed by Germany and France.
While Britain and Hungary at first refused to sign on to the deal, Sweden and the Czech Republic had requested time to consult with their respective parliaments before agreeing to the new pact.
As a result, the 23 remaining EU members states agreed to forge an agreement for rules that would penalize fiscal profligacy and to increase resources available to bailout troubled EU economies through additional pledges to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the establishment of a new European bailout fund.
Later on Friday morning, however, Reinfeldt received clearance from the Riksdag's EU committee to approve the protocol changes agreed to by the eurozone countries, meaning Sweden has no plans to stand in the way of the deal.
Specifically, the committee approved Sweden's participation in a loan from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) that will help support a European bailout fund.
The committee also agreed to having Sweden support changes to the EU treaty that allow for countries that mismanage their economies to be punished, but stopped short of having Sweden abide by the new rules.
The question of the size of Sweden's contribution remains up for negotiation, according to the Europaportalen.se, a Swedish news website focusing on EU politics.
“We're not saying no. We think it's good that the eurozone countries have come up with something in all this chaos and we're not going to close the door on the eurozone countries as they try to put their economies in order,” EU committee vice chair Marie Granlund of the Social Democrats, told TT.
Liberal Party (Folkpartiet) MP Carl B.Hamilton, chair of the EU committee, was highly critical of the UK, which has refused to support the pact.
“They're splitting Europe. Great Britain has acted in an nonconstructive way. 'Unhelpful' as they say in English,” Hamilton told Europaportalen.se.
While there is no indication that Sweden plans to join the 23 other countries which have so far agreed to abide by the new budget rules, the possibility remains open that Sweden could join at a later date.
“We'll have to see what is actually meant by joining voluntary. We can't have any overoptimistic hopes that we can affect politics for the whole of Europe. But if we join, we can protect ourselves against having other countries make decisions that could injure us,” said Hamilton.
While Hamilton indicated his Liberal Party was open to Sweden eventually joining the pact, Granlund said the Social Democrats remain opposed.
“It would conflict with what the Swedish people have said in the referendum. It would mean an all to large involvement in the Swedish economy,” she told Europaportalen.se.
Exact details of the deal remain to be worked out in the coming months and will be enshrined in an international agreement parallel to the EU's current treaty.
However, the goal remains to eventually have the changes included in the EU treaty.
Saturday, December 10, 2011
Federal Court of Canada Docket: T-1057-11 & Docket: T-1735-11 Citation : 2011 FC 1432
Federal Court
Cour fédérale
Date: 20111207
Docket: T-1057-11
Docket: T-1735-11
Citation : 2011 FC 1432
Winnipeg, Manitoba, December 7, 2011
PRESENT: The Honourable Mr. Justice Campbell
Docket: T-1057-11
BETWEEN:
FRIENDS OF THE CANADIAN WHEAT
BOARD, HAROLD BELL, DANIEL
GAUTHIER, KEN ESHPETER, TERRY
BOEHM, LYLE SIMONSON, LYNN
JACOBSON, ROBERT HORNE, WILF
HARDER, LAURENCE NICHOLSON,
LARRY BOHDANOVICH, KEITH RYAN,
ANDY BAKER, NORBERT VAN DEYNZE,
WILLIAM ACHESON, LUC LABOSSIERE,
WILLIAM NICHOLSON AND RENE SAQUET
Applicants
and
ATTORNEY-GENERAL OF CANADA,
THE MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE AND
AGRIFOOD IN HIS CAPACITY AS MINISTER
RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CANADIAN
WHEAT BOARD AND THE CANADIAN
WHEAT BOARD
and
COUNCIL OF CANADIANS, ETC GROUP
(ACTION GROUP ON EROSION,
TECHNOLOGY AND CONCENTRATION),
PUBLIC SERVICE ALLIANCE OF CANADA
AND FOOD SECURE CANADA
Respondents
Interveners
Page: 2
Docket: T-1735-11
AND BETWEEN:
THE CANADIAN WHEAT BOARD, ALLEN
OBERG, ROD FLAMAN, CAM GOFF, KYLE
KORNEYCHUK, JOHN SANDBORN, BILL
TOEWS, STEWART WELLS
AND BILLWOODS
Applicants
and
THE MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE AND
AGRIFOOD IN HIS CAPACITY AS MINISTER
RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CANADIAN
WHEAT BOARD
Respondent
and
PCSC – PRODUCER CAR SHIPPERS OF
CANADA INC., LOGAN CONNOR, LEONARD
GLUSKA, BILL WOODS, MYRON FINLAY,
HOWARD VINCENT, GLEN HARRIS,
AND TIM COULTER
Interveners
REASONS FOR ORDERS
[1] The present Applications concern the rule of law and the disregard for it by the
Respondent Minister of Agriculture (the Minister).
[2] The law concerned is s. 47.1 of the Canadian Wheat Board Act, RSC 1985, c C-24 (the
Act) which requires the Minister to engage in a consultative process with the Canadian Wheat Board
(CWB) and to gain the consent of Western Canadian wheat and barley producers with respect to
Page: 3
proposed changes to the currently well-established process of marketing the grains in Canada. At
the present time, contrary to the requirements of s. 47.1, the Minister is unilaterally proceeding to
revolutionize the process by securing the imminent passage of legislation.
[3] A most recent reminder of the rule of law as a fundamental constitutional imperative is
expressed by Chief Justice Fraser in Reece v Edmonton (City), 2011 ABCA 238 at paragraphs 159
and 160:
The starting point is this. The greatest achievement through the
centuries in the evolution of democratic governance has been
constitutionalism and the rule of law. The rule of law is not the rule
by laws where citizens are bound to comply with the laws but
government is not. Or where one level of government chooses not to
enforce laws binding another. Under the rule of law, citizens have
the right to come to the courts to enforce the law as against the
executive branch. And courts have the right to review actions by the
executive branch to determine whether they are in compliance with
the law and, where warranted, to declare government action
unlawful. This right in the hands of the people is not a threat to
democratic governance but its very assertion. Accordingly, the
executive branch of government is not its own exclusive arbiter on
whether it or its delegatee is acting within the limits of the law. The
detrimental consequences of the executive branch of government
defining for itself – and by itself – the scope of its lawful power have
been revealed, often bloodily, in the tumult of history.
When government does not comply with the law, this is not merely
non-compliance with a particular law, it is an affront to the rule of
law itself […].
[Emphasis added]
[4] The Applicants each request a Declaration that the Minister’s conduct is an affront to the
rule of law. For the reasons that follow, I have no hesitation in granting this request.
Page: 4
I. The Scheme of the Act
[5] The CWB is a corporation without share capital that is charged by s. 5 of the Act with the
statutory objective to “market in an orderly manner, in interprovincial and export trade, grain grown
in Canada.” The scheme of the Act is as follows: by Part III, the CWB is required to buy all wheat
and barley produced in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and the Peace River District of British
Columbia; Part IV prohibits any person other than the CWB from exporting, transporting from one
province to another, selling or buying wheat or barley, subject to limited exceptions established by
the Act or its regulations; and Part V establishes the mechanisms by which the CWB’s marketing
authority may be altered, and contains s. 47.1, the interpretation of which is at the centre of the
present Applications:
47.1 The Minister shall not
cause to be introduced in
Parliament a bill that would
exclude any kind, type, class
or grade of wheat or barley, or
wheat or barley produced in
any area in Canada, from the
provisions of Part IV, either in
whole or in part, or generally,
or for any period, or that
would extend the application
of Part III or Part IV or both
Parts III and IV to any other
grain, unless
(a) the Minister has consulted
with the board about the
exclusion or extension; and
47.1 Il ne peut être déposé au
Parlement, à l’initiative du
ministre, aucun projet de loi
ayant pour effet, soit de
soustraire quelque type,
catégorie ou grade de blé ou
d’orge, ou le blé ou l’orge
produit dans telle région du
Canada, à l’application de la
partie IV, que ce soit
totalement ou partiellement, de
façon générale ou pour une
période déterminée, soit
d’étendre l’application des
parties III et IV, ou de l’une
d’elles, à un autre grain, à
moins que les conditions
suivantes soient réunies :
a) il a consulté le conseil au
sujet de la mesure;
Page: 5
(b) the producers of the grain
have voted in favour of the
exclusion or extension, the
voting process having been
determined by the Minister.
b) les producteurs de ce grain
ont voté — suivant les
modalités fixées par le ministre
— en faveur de la mesure.
[Emphasis added]
The “board” referred to in s. 47.1 (a) is that of the CWB charged under the Act to direct and manage
the business and affairs of the Corporation (the Board). The “producers” referred to in s. 47.1 (b) are
those persons that farm grain in the area named in Part III (the Producers).
II. The Introduction of Bill C-18
[6] On October 18, 2011, the Minister introduced in Parliament Bill C-18: An Act to reorganize
the Canadian Wheat Board and to make consequential and related amendments to certain Acts
(Marketing freedom for grain farmers Act). The name of the legislation proposed in Bill C-18
accurately states the nature of the changes to the governance structure of the CWB, and, indeed, the
whole system of the marketing of grain in Canada; what is considered to be marketing freedom for
grain farmers will replace the present centralized marketing system.
[7] At the present time, Bill C-18 has passed second reading at the Senate and is before the
Standing Senate Committee.
III. Issues
[8] The present Applications are simple in nature; they are directed at an examination of the
Minister’s conduct with respect the requirements of s. 47.1. The Applicants confirm that the
Page: 6
validity of Bill C-18, and the validity and effects of any legislation which might become law as a
result of Bill C-18 are not in issue in the present Applications.
[9] The Applicants make it clear that their Applications are no threat to the Sovereignty of
Parliament to pass legislation. The controversy in the present case arises from the Act, legislation
that Parliament has already passed. Section 47.1 contains conditions which are known in law as
“manner and form” procedural requirements. This form of limitation on the exercise of legislative
power is well recognized in law. At paragraph 34 of the Producer Car Shippers argument, attention
is directed to the following passages from Professor Hogg’s text, Constitutional Law of Canada,
(Carswell, Toronto, 5th ed, 2007):
Would the Parliament or a Legislature be bound by self-imposed
rules as to the “manner and form” in which statutes were to be
enacted? The answer, in my view, is yes.
[…]
Thus, while the federal Parliament or a provincial Legislature cannot
bind itself as to the substance of future legislation, it can bind itself as
to the manner and form of future legislation.
[…]
It seems implausible that a legislative body should be disabled from
making changes to its present structure and procedures. Moreover,
the case-law, while not conclusive, tends to support the validity of
self-imposed manner and form requirements.
[Footnotes omitted]
(Motion Record of Producer Car Shippers, Tab 10)
[10] The Minister has attempted to argue that s. 47.1 does not meet the requirements of a
“manner and form” provision. I dismiss this argument and find any debate on “manner and form” is
Page: 7
not properly before the Court for determination. Section 47.1 is presumed to be constitutionally
valid, and no argument challenging this presumption has been properly presented in the present
Applications; to do so would require notice of a Constitutional Question which has not been given.
Thus, as the judicial review Applications are framed, the sole question for determination is: did the
Minister breach the process requirements of s. 47.1, and if so, what relief, if any, should be granted?
The answer to this question requires a statutory interpretation analysis.
IV. The Applications
[11] Both the CWB and the Producers place heavy reliance on the democratic process
instrumental in the marketing of grain under the Act. The present Applications have been launched
to protect the process and the separate, but conforming interests, of the Producers under T-1075-11
and the CWB under T-1735-11.
[12] It is an undisputed fact that the Minister tendered Bill C-18 without conducting the
consultation and gaining the consent expressed in s. 47.1 of the Act. As expressed by Chief Justice
Fraser in the quote above: “courts have the right to review actions of the executive branch to
determine if they are in compliance with the law and, where warranted, to declare government
action unlawful.” Thus, I find that the Minister’s decision to not comply with the conditions
expressed in s. 47.1, prior to tabling Bill C-18, is judicially reviewable pursuant to section 18.1 (3)
(b) of the Federal Courts Act, RSC 1985, c F-7.
[13] As a result, the issue is whether the factual and legal basis has been established for making
Declarations that state fault on the part of the Minister. Each Application supports the making of a
Page: 8
fault finding. The CWB supports the Producers’ argument in T-1057-11 and makes its own
argument on similar lines in T-1735-11. The CWB confirms this point as follows:
Although the Applications are framed somewhat differently, there is
significant overlap between the parties to, and the relief sought in, the
Applications. At their core, the Applications are each premised on
the failure of the Minister to comply with his statutory duty under
section 47.1 of the Act.
(Written Representations of the Canadian Wheat Board in T-1735-
11, para. 9)
[14] However, each Applicant frames the request for Declaratory relief in a slightly different
way. The Applicants in T-1057-11 express the claim for relief as follows:
(a) a declaration that the Minister breached his statutory duty to
consult with the Board and conduct a vote of wheat and barley
producers as to whether they agree with the removal of wheat and
barley from the application of Part IV of the Act and with the
elimination of the CWB’s exclusive statutory marketing mandate
(Breach Declaration);
and
(b) a declaration that the Minister breached the duty of fairness and
acted contrary to the legitimate expectations of producers in causing
the Bill to be introduced in Parliament without first consulting with
the Board and with producers through a producer vote (Legitimate
Expectation Declaration).
(Amended Notice of Application dated November 8, 2011)
And in T-1735-11 the Applicants express the request this way:
(a) a declaration that the Minister failed to comply with his statutory
duty pursuant to section 47.1 of the Act, to consult with the Board
and to hold a producer vote, prior to the causing to be introduced in
Parliament Bill C-18, An Act to reorganize the Canadian Wheat
Board and to make consequential and related amendments to certain
Acts ( “Bill”) (Breach Declaration);
and
Page: 9
(b) a declaration that the Minister has acted in breach of the
legitimate expectations of the CWB, the Board and producers, and
contrary to the duty of fairness, in causing to be introduced in
Parliament the Bill without first consulting with the Board and
holding a producer vote (Legitimate Expectation Declaration);
(Notice of Application dated October 26, 2011)
[15] By consent, given the conjunction of both Applications, and the consolidated argument filed
by the Minister in response, it is appropriate to determine each Application with a separate order,
but on the basis of the present single set of consolidated reasons which addresses the core arguments
which have equal application to both.
[16] Two interventions have been permitted: that of the Council of Canadians, and ETC
Group, the Public Service Alliance of Canada and Food Secure Canada (the “Council”); and that
of the Producer Car Shippers of Canada Inc. et al (“Producer Car Shippers”). The Council
maintains an interest in food sovereignty, food safety, food security, and the important role that
the CWB plays in maintaining and protecting those interests, and has permission to address how
s. 47.1 is to be interpreted in accord with NAFTA and the Charter. The Producer Car Shippers
maintain an interest in protecting the rights and investments of grain producers who ship their
own grain, and have permission to address the application of the “manner and form” doctrine
with respect to s. 47.1 of the Act.
Page: 10
V. Breach of the Law Challenge
A. The Test for Statutory Interpretation
[17] Whether the Minister breached the law is a matter of statutory interpretation and
consideration of the Minister’s conduct against that interpretation. I agree with the Applicants that
an appropriate test to be applied in the present Applications is as follows:
Today there is only one principle or approach, namely, the words of
an Act are to be read in their entire context and in the grammatical
and ordinary sense harmoniously with the scheme of the Act, the
object of the Act, and the intention of Parliament (Canada 3000 Inc,
Re: Inter-Canadian (1991) Inc (Trustee of), 2006 SCC 24 at para.
36; Bell ExpressVu Ltd Partnership v Rex, 2002 SCC 42 at para. 26).
(Applicants’ Memorandum of Fact and Law in T-1735-11, para. 44)
B. The Applicants’ Argument
[18] The Applicants argue that:
Properly interpreted in the context in which s. 47.1 and the 1998
amendments were adopted and the object underlying their enactment,
as well as the intention of Parliament, the ordinary sense of the broad
wording employed in s. 47.1 demonstrates that the Minister is
obligated to consult with the CWB and to hold a producer vote prior
to causing to be introduced in Parliament a bill that alters the CWB’s
exclusive marketing mandate; by causing the Bill to be introduced,
the Minister breached his statutory duty.
(Applicants’ Memorandum of Fact and Law in T-1735-11, para. 45)
[19] Thus, to the Applicants, history is important. The Act was first introduced in 1935, and in
1943 the CWB became a “Single Desk” which means the CWB became the sole marketing agency
for western Canadian wheat. This authority was extended to oats and barley in 1949, though the
marketing of oats was subsequently removed from the CWB’s exclusive jurisdiction in 1989.
Throughout this period government-appointed Commissioners managed the CWB; however, in
Page: 11
1998, legislative amendments were introduced to improve the CWB’s marketing mandate and
structure to introduce democratic governance and greater accountability. The amendments
transferred control of the CWB to the farmers by creating a board of directors. Since 1998, twothirds
of the members of the board are elected directly by the grain producers. Section 47.1 was also
implemented at that time.
[20] Based on the historical context, the Applicants make the following arguments with respect
to the purpose of s. 47.1 and the scheme and the object of the Act :
In this case, the 1998 Amendments and section 47.1 were adopted in
response to increasing calls for greater farmer control over the
CWB’s operations and marketing mandate, including the demands of
some for dual marketing.
The creation of the Board, the majority of which was farmer-elected,
and the adoption of section 47.1 were in response to “the reasonable
expectations of a majority of western grain producers” and were
aimed at empowering farmers. The purpose of section 47.1 was to
ensure that “producers should be in control of any future changes to
the [CWB’s] mandate”.
[…]
The bill creates a dual marketing system in which Part IV, containing
the prohibitions on the export or interprovincial sale of wheat and
barley, is repealed, but the CWB remains as a purchaser of grain.
Section 47.1 was enacted by Parliament to ensure that the Minister
consulted with the Board and with producers prior to introducing
legislation to implement this very system.
[…]
The purpose of the 1998 Amendments is clear. The consistent
themes underlying the amendments were democracy, accountability,
flexibility and empowerment for farmers. Similarly, the purpose of
section 47.1 was to ensure that “farmers, not government, would be
in control of any future change to the [CWB’s] marketing authority”,
including the implementation of dual marketing and the elimination
of the Single Desk.
Page: 12
(Applicants’ Memorandum of Fact and Law in T-1735-11, paras. 47-
48, 50, and 58)
[21] With respect to the intention of Parliament in introducing s. 47.1, from the body of evidence
presented by the Applicants, I find the following statements of the former Minister responsible for
the CWB to be particularly cogent:
House of Commons, October 7, 1997:
Virtually every marketing innovation which farmers have debated
over the past several years will be possible under this new law. In a
nutshell, that is what Bill C-4 is all about, empowering producers,
enshrining democratic authority which has never existed before,
providing new accountability, new flexibility and responsiveness,
and positioning farmers to shape the kind of wheat board they want
for the future (Affidavit of Allen Oberg, September 15, 2011, para.
38, Exhibit 7);
House of Commons, February 17, 1998:
Such a change would have eliminated the problematic clauses while
respecting and enshrining the fundamental principle of democratic
producer control;
[…]
Tonight, at long last, Bill C-4 will come to a vote at third reading. Its
passage will signal an era of change for the future. Its major themes
are democracy, accountability, flexibility and empowerment for
farmers.
Farmers will take control. They will have it within their authority to
shape their marketing agency as they see fit. I have complete
confidence in the judgment of producers to exercise their new
authority with strength, wisdom and prudence to the greater and
greater success of the prairie farm economy and prairie farmers most
especially (Affidavit of Allen Oberg, September 15, 2011, para. 40,
Exhibit 9);
Senate Committee, May 5, 1998:
Page: 13
The amendment would require that if any future minister responsible
for the [CWB] decides that it is appropriate public policy to change
the mandate of the [CWB], to make it either bigger or smaller, it
would be up to him to make that policy determination. But he would
be required to conduct a vote in advance to obtain the consent of
farmers (Affidavit of Allen Oberg, September 15, 2011, para. 42,
Exhibit 11).
[Emphasis in the original]
[22] In addition, the Former Minister repeatedly confirmed that s. 47.1 requires a Producer vote
if a proposed change is “significant or fundamental”:
Policy Statement, “Changes in Western Grain Marketing”, October
7, 1996:
The proposed legislation will provide for future mandate changes
contingent upon the formal considered advice of the CWB board of
directors and, if a quality control issue is involved, the formal
certification by the Canadian Grain Commission that a change can in
fact be made without jeopardizing the world-renowned Canada
reputation for high quality, consistency and dependability. If the
CWB directors consider any proposed change to be significant or
fundamental, a producer vote would be a prerequisite before
implementation [Emphasis added] (Record of the CWB, Tab 3, p.
112);
Standing Committee on Agriculture and Agri-Food, Meeting No. 57,
December 12, 1996:
In future the Wheat Board’s mandate may be adjusted, conditional
upon three things: first of all, a clear recommendation to that effect
by the directors of the Canadian Wheat Board; secondly, if a quality
control issue is involved, the unequivocal concurrence of the
Canadian Grain Commission that a change can be made safely
without damaging Canada’s reputation for quality and consistency;
and third, if the proposed change is significant or fundamental, then
an affirmative vote among farmers would need to be a prerequisite
[Emphasis added] (Record of the CWB, Tab 4, p. 125).
[23] The Council submits that the intention of Parliament can be evidenced by the invocation of
international trade obligations as a rationale for the 1998 Amendments by the Former Minister. The
Page: 14
democratic nature of s. 47.1, which mandates producer control, was considered necessary in order to
defend the CWB’s marketing practices in the face of the NAFTA. The Former Minister stated that
s. 47.1 was intended to prevent the Act from being “used as some thinly veiled excuse by our
competitors, perhaps the United States, to launch some form of trade harassment” (House of
Commons, February 17, 1998; Affidavit of Allen Oberg, September 15, 2011, Exhibit 9; Council
Memorandum of Fact and Law, paras. 8-14).
[24] The Council effectively argues that, when in doubt, statutory interpretation must have regard
to democratic and constitutional values. In the present case this is especially important because s.
47.1 speaks to the unique situation in which these democratic values are already implemented in the
structure of the CWB. This fact requires that, in proposing that a fundamental change be made to
the structure, the Minister must act democratically. This is what s. 47.1 says. Not adhering to these
values is not only disrespectful, it is contrary to law.
C. The Minister’s Response
[25] The Minster advances the following statutory interpretation argument:
The Applicants contend that section 47.1 should be read expansively
in such a way as to require the Minister to seek and to obtain a
favourable producer vote before being allowed to introduce any bill
“that alters the CWB’s exclusive marketing mandate.” In an
affidavit filed by the CWB in these proceedings, the Chair of its
board of directors states the CWB position as being “ […] simply
that farmers, not the government, should decide the future of the
Single Desk in a vote held in accordance with section 47.1 of the
Act.”
The clear wording of the section 47.1, however, refers only to the
addition or subtraction of particular grains or types of grain from the
marketing regime as it is established in Parts III and IV of the Act. It
does not refer to limiting the future repeal of the Act itself or to any
Page: 15
other changes. It leaves the future of the “single desk” as a matter for
Parliament to decide.
Section 47.1 is found in Part V under the heading, “OTHER GRAINS
– APPLICATION OF PARTS III AND IV,” which means that, not
only in its wording but in its statutory context as well, it is clearly
directed only to the addition or subtraction of particular grains in
Parts III and IV. The future of the “single desk” is a policy and
legislative decision for Parliament, not for the Court.
[…]
Properly interpreted, the scope of section 47.1 addresses the
inclusion or exclusion of particular grains or types of grain. Given
the principle of Parliamentary sovereignty, section 42(1) of the
Interpretation Act, and the clear wording of section 47.1 found under
the statutory heading “OTHER GRAINS – APPLICATION OF
PARTS III AND IV”, this provision cannot be so broadly interpreted,
as urged by the Applicants, as to place a perpetual veto in the hands
of each category of grain producers over the continued existence of
the marketing regime, or on the repeal of the Act itself.
Understanding the crucial distinction between removing types of
wheat or barley from the application of Part IV of the Act and
repealing the entire Act itself is fundamental to the correct
interpretation of section 47.1. Bill C-18 does not remove a particular
type of prairie wheat or barley from the application of Part IV of the
Act. Rather, Bill C-18 repeals the Act, thereby terminating the
CWB’s marketing monopoly in order to replace it with a new regime
that allows all grain producers the freedom to market and sell their
grain as they choose, including through the CWB if they so decide.
[Emphasis in original]
[Footnote removed]
(Respondents’ Consolidated Memorandum of Fact and Law, paras.
31-33; 38-39)
[26] The Minister relies upon the following evidentiary statements in support of the interpretation
argument:
a. A government news release issued in September 1997 concerning the
then Bill C-4 (into which section 47.1 was eventually added in the
Page: 16
course of Parliamentary deliberations) stated that the concept of
farmer control was directed to the potential exclusion or inclusion of
various types of grains into the system (Affidavit of Allen Oberg,
September 15, 2011, Exhibit 6);
b. The Minister, at second reading in the House of Commons of the
Bill containing section 47.1, stated that:
[t]his new law will also empower producers to
determine democratically what is and what is not
under the Canadian Wheat Board’s marketing
jurisdiction.
[Emphasis in original]
(Affidavit of Allen Oberg, September 15, 2011, Exhibit 7);
c. Clauses 23 and 26 of Bill C-4 show that the arrangements for
exclusion and inclusion of grains would take place by regulation. It is
clear that changes such as the abolition of the “single desk” or the
repeal of the Act in the future were not the type of changes to which
the new provisions were intended to apply (Affidavit of Allen Oberg,
September 15, 2011, Exhibit 8);
d. Commenting on an amendment to the bill that would become section
47.1, the Minister testified before the Standing Senate Committee on
Agriculture and Forestry on May 5, 1998. The Minister referred to
the inconsistency that had historically marked the methods by which
inclusions and exclusions of various grains, such as oats and barley,
had previously taken place – sometimes by Order in Council and
sometimes by statutory amendment. When the Minister stated, “…it
is unclear how one goes about amending the jurisdiction of the
Canadian Wheat Board”, he had in mind the problem of moving
various grains in or out of the regime that the CWB administered. He
was not referring to more fundamental changes to the nature or
existence of the marketing regime itself (Affidavit of Allen Oberg,
September 15, 2011, Exhibit 11);
e. When the Secretary of State moved second reading in the House of
Commons and concurrence in the amendments made in the Senate to
Bill C-4, including the clause that is now section 47.1, the Secretary
of State stated:
The second area of Bill C-4 where the Senate has
proposed amendments concerns the means by which
Page: 17
the number of grains under the marketing regime of
the wheat board can be either expanded or reduced.
As originally, drafted, western Canadian producers
had a process for excluding any kind, type, class or
grade of wheat or barley from the marketing authority
of the board. Similarly, the bill also laid out an
inclusion process for adding crops to the mandate of
the wheat board.
The amendment filled a gap in the existing Wheat
Board Act. As it now stands under the Canadian
Wheat Board, the process for changing the Canadian
Wheat Board’s mandate is unclear, as every member
from prairie Canada I am sure knows.
There have been concerns expressed by producers
and producer groups about the mechanism for
inclusion and exclusion originally laid out in Bill C-4.
Plenty of concerns have been expressed.
I am sure my colleagues from the opposition party are
going to get up very shortly and tell me why the
matter has not been set right yet.
The amendment responds to those concerns. The
amendment would replace existing clauses related to
the inclusion-exclusion of grains with the provision
that would require the current and future ministers
responsible for the board to consult the board of
directors with its two-thirds majority of farmer
chosen members and conduct a vote among
producers before any grains are added or removed
from the mandate of the board.
(Affidavit of Allen Oberg, September 15, 2011, Exhibit 12)
[Emphasis in Original]
(Respondents’ Consolidated Memorandum of Fact and Law, para.
47)
Page: 18
D. Conclusions
[27] I find that by applying the interpretation test as set out above, the Applicants’ argument
which relies upon a contextual historical approach with respect to the unique democratic nature of
the CWB, and its importance, is compelling. I accept the argument that the CWB’s democratic
marketing practices are “significant and fundamental” because they are long standing, and strongly
supported by a large number of the some 17,000 grain producers in Western Canada. This support is
worthy of respect; the following argument on the rule of law made by the Council makes this clear:
The rule of law is a multi-faceted concept, conveying “a sense of
orderliness, of subjection to known legal rules and of executive
accountability to legal authority.” The Courts have repeatedly
described the rule of law as embodying the principle that the law “is
supreme over officials of the government as well as private
individuals, and thereby preclusive of the influence of arbitrary
power.” In other words, for political action to be legitimate, decisionmaking
must operate within the constraints of the law. Governments
cannot flout the law and must respect legitimate legal processes
already in place. As the Supreme Court stated in the Secession
Reference, “[i]t is the law that creates the framework within which
the “sovereign will” is to be ascertained and implemented. To be
accorded legitimacy, democratic institutions must rest, ultimately, on
a legal foundation.”
Adhering to the rule of law ensures that the public can understand the
rules they are bound by, and the rights they have in participating in
the law-making process. As the Applicants note, western farmers
relied on the fact that the government would have to conduct a
plebiscite under s. 47.1 before introducing legislation to change the
marketing mandate of the CWB. Disregarding the requirements of s.
47.1 deprives farmers of the most important vehicle they have for
expressing their views on the fundamental question of the single
desk. Furthermore the opportunity to vote in a federal election is no
answer to the loss of this particular democratic franchise. Until the
sudden introduction of Bill C-I8, Canadian farmers would have
expected the requirements of s. 47.1 to be respected.
The rule of law must therefore inform the interpretation of s. 47.1,
which sets out a process that includes consultation and a democratic
vote prior to abolishing the single desk. An interpretation of s. 47.1
Page: 19
that is consistent with the rule of law would give effect to the plain
meaning of its words as ordinary citizens would understand and
interpret them, and not in a manner that defeats the consultative
purpose of s. 47.1 — particularly, given that citizens and
stakeholders understood s. 47.1 to provide them with particular rights
and acted in accordance with that understanding.
[Footnotes excluded]
(Memorandum of Fact and Law of the Council, paras. 26-28)
[28] I give weight to the Council’s argument that s. 47.1 applies to changing the structure of the
CWB because the democratic structure is important to Canada’s international trade obligations
under NAFTA. I find that this is an important consideration which supports the argument that
Parliament’s intention in s. 47.1 is not to alter this structure without consultation and consent.
[29] However, the Applicants’ statutory interpretation, which I accept, should not be considered
to the exclusion of the Minister’s interpretation which focuses on the words used in s. 47.1 itself. In
my opinion, the correct interpretation of the provision includes both perspectives. In my opinion, to
accept the Minister’s interpretation to the exclusion of the Applicants’ would results in an absurdity,
a condition which is to be avoided.
[30] By construing the liberal interpretation of the Act which best ensures the attainment of its
objects, I find that the Act was intended to require the Minister to consult and gain consent where an
addition or subtraction of particular grains or types of grain from the marketing regime is
contemplated, and also in respect of a change to the democratic structure of the CWB. As the
Applicants argue, it is unreasonable to interpret the Act to conclude that while the Minister must
Page: 20
consult and gain consent when extracting or extending a grain, she or he is not required to consult or
gain consent when dismantling the CWB; the point is made as follows:
… Under the Minister’s interpretation of section 47.1, farmers would
be denied a vote “when it is most needed”, namely, in circumstances
where the CWB’s exclusive marketing mandate is to be eliminated.
That interpretation is not only inconsistent with the principle that the
words of a statute must be placed in context, but is contrary to
common sense.
(Applicants’ Memorandum of Fact and Law in T-1735-11, para. 52)
[31] Section 39 of Bill C-18 proposes to replace the whole marketing scheme of wheat in Canada
by repealing the Act after a transition period. I find that it was Parliament’s intention in introducing
s. 47.1 to stop this event from occurring without the required consultation and consent.
VI. Legitimate Expectations
[32] As an alternative argument, the Applicants maintain that the Minister has failed to meet
legitimate expectations. The Supreme Court of Canada describes a legitimate expectation as
follows:
It affords a party affected by the decision of a public official an
opportunity to make representations in circumstances in which there
would be no such opportunity. The court supplies the omission
where, based on the conduct of the public official, a party has been
led to believe that his or her rights would not be affected without
consultation.
(Old St Boniface Residents Association Inc v Winnipeg (City), [1990]
3 SCR 1170, at para. 110)
During the course of oral argument, the Applicants confirmed that, should they be successful on the
s. 47.1 breach argument, they would be content with that as the single result of the Applications.
Therefore, I exercise my discretion not to grant the Legitimate Expectation Declaration requests.
Page: 21
VII. Conclusion
[33] The Minister argues that the declarations should not be granted because their effect would
be meaningless. In response, I say that there are two meaningful effects of granting the Breach
Declarations.
[34] The first effect is that a lesson can be learned from what has just occurred. Section 47.1
speaks, it says: “engage in a consultative process and work together to find a solution.” The change
process is threatening and should be approached with caution. Generally speaking, when advancing
a significant change to an established management scheme, the failure to provide a meaningful
opportunity for dissenting voices to be heard and accommodated forces resort to legal means to
have them heard. In the present piece, simply pushing ahead without engaging such a process has
resulted in the present Applications being launched. Had a meaningful consultative process been
engaged to find a solution which meets the concerns of the majority, the present legal action might
not have been necessary. Judicial review serves an important function; in the present Applications
the voices have been heard, which, in my opinion, is fundamentally importantly because it is the
message that s. 47.1 conveys.
[35] The second and most important effect is that the Minister will be held accountable for his
disregard for the rule of law.
[36] I find it is fair and just to issue the Breach Declaration on each Application.
“Douglas R. Campbell”
Judge
FEDERAL COURT
SOLICITORS OF RECORD
DOCKETS: T-1057-11 and T-1735-11
STYLE OF CAUSE: T-1057-11
FRIENDS OF THE CANADIAN WHEAT BOARD, ET
AL. v. ATTORNEY GENERAL OF CANADA, ET AL.
and COUNCIL OF CANADIANS, ET AL. (Interveners)
T-1735-11
THE CANADIAN WHEAT BOARD, ET AL. v. THE
MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE AND AGRIFOOD IN
HIS CAPACITY AS MINISTER RESPONSIBLE FOR
THE CANADIAN WHEAT BOARD and PCSC –
PRODUCER CAR SHIPPERS OF CANADA INC.
(PRODUCER CAR SHIPPERS), ET AL. (Interveners)
PLACE OF HEARING: Winnipeg, Manitoba
DATE OF HEARING: December 6, 2011
REASONS FOR ORDER: CAMPBELL J.
DATED: December 7, 2011
APPEARANCES:
Anders Bruun
FOR THE APPLICANTS
FRIENDS OF THE CANADIAN WHEAT BOARD,
HAROLD BELL, DANIEL GAUTHIER, KEN
ESHPETER, TERRY BOEHM, LYLE SIMONSON,
LYNN JACOBSON, ROBERT HORNE, WILF
HARDER, LAURENCE NICHOLSON, LARRY
BOHDANOVICH, KEITH RYAN, ANDY BAKER,
NORBERT VAN DEYNZE, WILLIAM ACHESON,
LUC LABOSSIERE, WILLIAM NICHOLSON AND
RENE SAQUET
(IN T-1057-11)
Page: 2
Joel Katz FOR THE RESPONDENTS
ATTORNEY GENERAL OF CANADA, THE
MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE AND AGRIFOOD
IN HIS CAPACITY AS MINISTER RESPONSIBLE
FOR THE CANADIAN WHEAT BOARD
(IN T-1057-11)
John Lorn McDougall, Q.C. and
Matthew Fleming
Stephen Shrybman
John Lorn McDougall, Q.C. and
Matthew Fleming
James E. McLandress
Joel Katz
John B. Martens and
Colin R. MacArthur, Q.C.
FOR THE RESPONDENT
THE CANADIAN WHEAT BOARD
(IN T-1057-11)
FOR THE INTERVENERS
COUNCIL OF CANADIANS, ETC GROUP
(ACTION GROUP ON EROSION, TECHNOLOGY
AND CONCENTRATION), PUBLIC SERVICE
ALLIANCE OF CANADA AND FOOD SECURE
CANADA
(IN T-1057-11)
FOR THE APPLICANTS
THE CANADIAN WHEAT BOARD, ALLEN
OBERG, ROD FLAMAN, CAM GOFF, KYLE
KORNEYCHUK, JOHN SANDBORN, BILL
TOEWS, STEWART WELLS AND BILL WOODS
(IN T-1735-11)
FOR THE APPLICANTS
(IN T-1735-11)
FOR THE RESPONDENTS
THE MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE AND
AGRIFOOD IN HIS CAPACITY AS MINISTER
RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CANADIAN WHEAT
BOARD
(IN T-1735-11)
FOR THE INTERVENERS
PCSC – PRODUCER CAR SHIPPERS OF
CANADA INC. (PRODUCER CAR SHIPPERS),
LOGAN CONNOR, LEONARD GLUSKA, BILL
WOODS, MYRON FINLAY, HOWARD VINCENT,
GLEN HARRIS, AND TIM COULTER, ON THEIR
OWN BEHALF AND ON BEHALF OF THE
MEMBERS OF PRODUCER CAR SHIPPERS
(IN T-1735-11)
Page: 3
SOLICITORS OF RECORD:
Anders Bruun
Barrister & Solicitor
Winnipeg, Manitoba
FOR THE APPLICANTS
FRIENDS OF THE CANADIAN WHEAT BOARD,
HAROLD BELL, DANIEL GAUTHIER, KEN
ESHPETER, TERRY BOEHM, LYLE SIMONSON,
LYNN JACOBSON, ROBERT HORNE, WILF
HARDER, LAURENCE NICHOLSON, LARRY
BOHDANOVICH, KEITH RYAN, ANDY BAKER,
NORBERT VAN DEYNZE, WILLIAM ACHESON,
LUC LABOSSIERE, WILLIAM NICHOLSON AND
RENE SAQUET
(IN T-1057-11)
Myles J. Kirvan, Q.C.
Deputy Attorney General of Canada
FOR THE RESPONDENTS
ATTORNEY GENERAL OF CANADA, THE
MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE AND AGRIFOOD
IN HIS CAPACITY AS MINISTER RESPONSIBLE
FOR THE CANADIAN WHEAT BOARD
(IN T-1057-11)
FOR THE RESPONDENTS
THE MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE AND
AGRIFOOD IN HIS CAPACITY AS MINISTER
RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CANADIAN WHEAT
BOARD
(IN T-1735-11)
Fraser Milner Casgrain LLP
Barristers & Solicitors
Toronto, Ontario
James E. McLandress
Barrister & Solicitor
Winnipeg, Manitoba
FOR THE RESPONDENT
THE CANADIAN WHEAT BOARD
(IN T-1057-11)
FOR THE APPLICANTS
THE CANADIAN WHEAT BOARD, ALLEN
OBERG, ROD FLAMAN, CAM GOFF, KYLE
KORNEYCHUK, JOHN SANDBORN, BILL
TOEWS, STEWART WELLS AND BILL WOODS
(IN T-1735-11)
FOR THE APPLICANTS
THE CANADIAN WHEAT BOARD, ALLEN
OBERG, ROD FLAMAN, CAM GOFF, KYLE
KORNEYCHUK, JOHN SANDBORN, BILL
TOEWS, STEWART WELLS AND BILL WOODS
(IN T-1735-11)
Page: 4
Sack Goldbatt Mitchell LLP
Barristers & Solicitors
Ottawa, Ontario
Aikins MacAulay & Thorvaldson LLP
Barristers & Solicitors
Winnipeg, Manitoba
FOR THE INTERVENERS
COUNCIL OF CANADIANS, ETC GROUP
(ACTION GROUP ON EROSION, TECHNOLOGY
AND CONCENTRATION), PUBLIC SERVICE
ALLIANCE OF CANADA AND FOOD SECURE
CANADA
(IN T-1057-11)
FOR THE INTERVENERS
PCSC – PRODUCER CAR SHIPPERS OF
CANADA INC. (PRODUCER CAR SHIPPERS),
LOGAN CONNOR, LEONARD GLUSKA, BILL
WOODS, MYRON FINLAY, HOWARD VINCENT,
GLEN HARRIS, AND TIM COULTER, ON THEIR
OWN BEHALF AND ON BEHALF OF THE
MEMBERS OF PRODUCER CAR SHIPPERS
(IN T-1735-11)
Cour fédérale
Date: 20111207
Docket: T-1057-11
Docket: T-1735-11
Citation : 2011 FC 1432
Winnipeg, Manitoba, December 7, 2011
PRESENT: The Honourable Mr. Justice Campbell
Docket: T-1057-11
BETWEEN:
FRIENDS OF THE CANADIAN WHEAT
BOARD, HAROLD BELL, DANIEL
GAUTHIER, KEN ESHPETER, TERRY
BOEHM, LYLE SIMONSON, LYNN
JACOBSON, ROBERT HORNE, WILF
HARDER, LAURENCE NICHOLSON,
LARRY BOHDANOVICH, KEITH RYAN,
ANDY BAKER, NORBERT VAN DEYNZE,
WILLIAM ACHESON, LUC LABOSSIERE,
WILLIAM NICHOLSON AND RENE SAQUET
Applicants
and
ATTORNEY-GENERAL OF CANADA,
THE MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE AND
AGRIFOOD IN HIS CAPACITY AS MINISTER
RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CANADIAN
WHEAT BOARD AND THE CANADIAN
WHEAT BOARD
and
COUNCIL OF CANADIANS, ETC GROUP
(ACTION GROUP ON EROSION,
TECHNOLOGY AND CONCENTRATION),
PUBLIC SERVICE ALLIANCE OF CANADA
AND FOOD SECURE CANADA
Respondents
Interveners
Page: 2
Docket: T-1735-11
AND BETWEEN:
THE CANADIAN WHEAT BOARD, ALLEN
OBERG, ROD FLAMAN, CAM GOFF, KYLE
KORNEYCHUK, JOHN SANDBORN, BILL
TOEWS, STEWART WELLS
AND BILLWOODS
Applicants
and
THE MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE AND
AGRIFOOD IN HIS CAPACITY AS MINISTER
RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CANADIAN
WHEAT BOARD
Respondent
and
PCSC – PRODUCER CAR SHIPPERS OF
CANADA INC., LOGAN CONNOR, LEONARD
GLUSKA, BILL WOODS, MYRON FINLAY,
HOWARD VINCENT, GLEN HARRIS,
AND TIM COULTER
Interveners
REASONS FOR ORDERS
[1] The present Applications concern the rule of law and the disregard for it by the
Respondent Minister of Agriculture (the Minister).
[2] The law concerned is s. 47.1 of the Canadian Wheat Board Act, RSC 1985, c C-24 (the
Act) which requires the Minister to engage in a consultative process with the Canadian Wheat Board
(CWB) and to gain the consent of Western Canadian wheat and barley producers with respect to
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proposed changes to the currently well-established process of marketing the grains in Canada. At
the present time, contrary to the requirements of s. 47.1, the Minister is unilaterally proceeding to
revolutionize the process by securing the imminent passage of legislation.
[3] A most recent reminder of the rule of law as a fundamental constitutional imperative is
expressed by Chief Justice Fraser in Reece v Edmonton (City), 2011 ABCA 238 at paragraphs 159
and 160:
The starting point is this. The greatest achievement through the
centuries in the evolution of democratic governance has been
constitutionalism and the rule of law. The rule of law is not the rule
by laws where citizens are bound to comply with the laws but
government is not. Or where one level of government chooses not to
enforce laws binding another. Under the rule of law, citizens have
the right to come to the courts to enforce the law as against the
executive branch. And courts have the right to review actions by the
executive branch to determine whether they are in compliance with
the law and, where warranted, to declare government action
unlawful. This right in the hands of the people is not a threat to
democratic governance but its very assertion. Accordingly, the
executive branch of government is not its own exclusive arbiter on
whether it or its delegatee is acting within the limits of the law. The
detrimental consequences of the executive branch of government
defining for itself – and by itself – the scope of its lawful power have
been revealed, often bloodily, in the tumult of history.
When government does not comply with the law, this is not merely
non-compliance with a particular law, it is an affront to the rule of
law itself […].
[Emphasis added]
[4] The Applicants each request a Declaration that the Minister’s conduct is an affront to the
rule of law. For the reasons that follow, I have no hesitation in granting this request.
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I. The Scheme of the Act
[5] The CWB is a corporation without share capital that is charged by s. 5 of the Act with the
statutory objective to “market in an orderly manner, in interprovincial and export trade, grain grown
in Canada.” The scheme of the Act is as follows: by Part III, the CWB is required to buy all wheat
and barley produced in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and the Peace River District of British
Columbia; Part IV prohibits any person other than the CWB from exporting, transporting from one
province to another, selling or buying wheat or barley, subject to limited exceptions established by
the Act or its regulations; and Part V establishes the mechanisms by which the CWB’s marketing
authority may be altered, and contains s. 47.1, the interpretation of which is at the centre of the
present Applications:
47.1 The Minister shall not
cause to be introduced in
Parliament a bill that would
exclude any kind, type, class
or grade of wheat or barley, or
wheat or barley produced in
any area in Canada, from the
provisions of Part IV, either in
whole or in part, or generally,
or for any period, or that
would extend the application
of Part III or Part IV or both
Parts III and IV to any other
grain, unless
(a) the Minister has consulted
with the board about the
exclusion or extension; and
47.1 Il ne peut être déposé au
Parlement, à l’initiative du
ministre, aucun projet de loi
ayant pour effet, soit de
soustraire quelque type,
catégorie ou grade de blé ou
d’orge, ou le blé ou l’orge
produit dans telle région du
Canada, à l’application de la
partie IV, que ce soit
totalement ou partiellement, de
façon générale ou pour une
période déterminée, soit
d’étendre l’application des
parties III et IV, ou de l’une
d’elles, à un autre grain, à
moins que les conditions
suivantes soient réunies :
a) il a consulté le conseil au
sujet de la mesure;
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(b) the producers of the grain
have voted in favour of the
exclusion or extension, the
voting process having been
determined by the Minister.
b) les producteurs de ce grain
ont voté — suivant les
modalités fixées par le ministre
— en faveur de la mesure.
[Emphasis added]
The “board” referred to in s. 47.1 (a) is that of the CWB charged under the Act to direct and manage
the business and affairs of the Corporation (the Board). The “producers” referred to in s. 47.1 (b) are
those persons that farm grain in the area named in Part III (the Producers).
II. The Introduction of Bill C-18
[6] On October 18, 2011, the Minister introduced in Parliament Bill C-18: An Act to reorganize
the Canadian Wheat Board and to make consequential and related amendments to certain Acts
(Marketing freedom for grain farmers Act). The name of the legislation proposed in Bill C-18
accurately states the nature of the changes to the governance structure of the CWB, and, indeed, the
whole system of the marketing of grain in Canada; what is considered to be marketing freedom for
grain farmers will replace the present centralized marketing system.
[7] At the present time, Bill C-18 has passed second reading at the Senate and is before the
Standing Senate Committee.
III. Issues
[8] The present Applications are simple in nature; they are directed at an examination of the
Minister’s conduct with respect the requirements of s. 47.1. The Applicants confirm that the
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validity of Bill C-18, and the validity and effects of any legislation which might become law as a
result of Bill C-18 are not in issue in the present Applications.
[9] The Applicants make it clear that their Applications are no threat to the Sovereignty of
Parliament to pass legislation. The controversy in the present case arises from the Act, legislation
that Parliament has already passed. Section 47.1 contains conditions which are known in law as
“manner and form” procedural requirements. This form of limitation on the exercise of legislative
power is well recognized in law. At paragraph 34 of the Producer Car Shippers argument, attention
is directed to the following passages from Professor Hogg’s text, Constitutional Law of Canada,
(Carswell, Toronto, 5th ed, 2007):
Would the Parliament or a Legislature be bound by self-imposed
rules as to the “manner and form” in which statutes were to be
enacted? The answer, in my view, is yes.
[…]
Thus, while the federal Parliament or a provincial Legislature cannot
bind itself as to the substance of future legislation, it can bind itself as
to the manner and form of future legislation.
[…]
It seems implausible that a legislative body should be disabled from
making changes to its present structure and procedures. Moreover,
the case-law, while not conclusive, tends to support the validity of
self-imposed manner and form requirements.
[Footnotes omitted]
(Motion Record of Producer Car Shippers, Tab 10)
[10] The Minister has attempted to argue that s. 47.1 does not meet the requirements of a
“manner and form” provision. I dismiss this argument and find any debate on “manner and form” is
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not properly before the Court for determination. Section 47.1 is presumed to be constitutionally
valid, and no argument challenging this presumption has been properly presented in the present
Applications; to do so would require notice of a Constitutional Question which has not been given.
Thus, as the judicial review Applications are framed, the sole question for determination is: did the
Minister breach the process requirements of s. 47.1, and if so, what relief, if any, should be granted?
The answer to this question requires a statutory interpretation analysis.
IV. The Applications
[11] Both the CWB and the Producers place heavy reliance on the democratic process
instrumental in the marketing of grain under the Act. The present Applications have been launched
to protect the process and the separate, but conforming interests, of the Producers under T-1075-11
and the CWB under T-1735-11.
[12] It is an undisputed fact that the Minister tendered Bill C-18 without conducting the
consultation and gaining the consent expressed in s. 47.1 of the Act. As expressed by Chief Justice
Fraser in the quote above: “courts have the right to review actions of the executive branch to
determine if they are in compliance with the law and, where warranted, to declare government
action unlawful.” Thus, I find that the Minister’s decision to not comply with the conditions
expressed in s. 47.1, prior to tabling Bill C-18, is judicially reviewable pursuant to section 18.1 (3)
(b) of the Federal Courts Act, RSC 1985, c F-7.
[13] As a result, the issue is whether the factual and legal basis has been established for making
Declarations that state fault on the part of the Minister. Each Application supports the making of a
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fault finding. The CWB supports the Producers’ argument in T-1057-11 and makes its own
argument on similar lines in T-1735-11. The CWB confirms this point as follows:
Although the Applications are framed somewhat differently, there is
significant overlap between the parties to, and the relief sought in, the
Applications. At their core, the Applications are each premised on
the failure of the Minister to comply with his statutory duty under
section 47.1 of the Act.
(Written Representations of the Canadian Wheat Board in T-1735-
11, para. 9)
[14] However, each Applicant frames the request for Declaratory relief in a slightly different
way. The Applicants in T-1057-11 express the claim for relief as follows:
(a) a declaration that the Minister breached his statutory duty to
consult with the Board and conduct a vote of wheat and barley
producers as to whether they agree with the removal of wheat and
barley from the application of Part IV of the Act and with the
elimination of the CWB’s exclusive statutory marketing mandate
(Breach Declaration);
and
(b) a declaration that the Minister breached the duty of fairness and
acted contrary to the legitimate expectations of producers in causing
the Bill to be introduced in Parliament without first consulting with
the Board and with producers through a producer vote (Legitimate
Expectation Declaration).
(Amended Notice of Application dated November 8, 2011)
And in T-1735-11 the Applicants express the request this way:
(a) a declaration that the Minister failed to comply with his statutory
duty pursuant to section 47.1 of the Act, to consult with the Board
and to hold a producer vote, prior to the causing to be introduced in
Parliament Bill C-18, An Act to reorganize the Canadian Wheat
Board and to make consequential and related amendments to certain
Acts ( “Bill”) (Breach Declaration);
and
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(b) a declaration that the Minister has acted in breach of the
legitimate expectations of the CWB, the Board and producers, and
contrary to the duty of fairness, in causing to be introduced in
Parliament the Bill without first consulting with the Board and
holding a producer vote (Legitimate Expectation Declaration);
(Notice of Application dated October 26, 2011)
[15] By consent, given the conjunction of both Applications, and the consolidated argument filed
by the Minister in response, it is appropriate to determine each Application with a separate order,
but on the basis of the present single set of consolidated reasons which addresses the core arguments
which have equal application to both.
[16] Two interventions have been permitted: that of the Council of Canadians, and ETC
Group, the Public Service Alliance of Canada and Food Secure Canada (the “Council”); and that
of the Producer Car Shippers of Canada Inc. et al (“Producer Car Shippers”). The Council
maintains an interest in food sovereignty, food safety, food security, and the important role that
the CWB plays in maintaining and protecting those interests, and has permission to address how
s. 47.1 is to be interpreted in accord with NAFTA and the Charter. The Producer Car Shippers
maintain an interest in protecting the rights and investments of grain producers who ship their
own grain, and have permission to address the application of the “manner and form” doctrine
with respect to s. 47.1 of the Act.
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V. Breach of the Law Challenge
A. The Test for Statutory Interpretation
[17] Whether the Minister breached the law is a matter of statutory interpretation and
consideration of the Minister’s conduct against that interpretation. I agree with the Applicants that
an appropriate test to be applied in the present Applications is as follows:
Today there is only one principle or approach, namely, the words of
an Act are to be read in their entire context and in the grammatical
and ordinary sense harmoniously with the scheme of the Act, the
object of the Act, and the intention of Parliament (Canada 3000 Inc,
Re: Inter-Canadian (1991) Inc (Trustee of), 2006 SCC 24 at para.
36; Bell ExpressVu Ltd Partnership v Rex, 2002 SCC 42 at para. 26).
(Applicants’ Memorandum of Fact and Law in T-1735-11, para. 44)
B. The Applicants’ Argument
[18] The Applicants argue that:
Properly interpreted in the context in which s. 47.1 and the 1998
amendments were adopted and the object underlying their enactment,
as well as the intention of Parliament, the ordinary sense of the broad
wording employed in s. 47.1 demonstrates that the Minister is
obligated to consult with the CWB and to hold a producer vote prior
to causing to be introduced in Parliament a bill that alters the CWB’s
exclusive marketing mandate; by causing the Bill to be introduced,
the Minister breached his statutory duty.
(Applicants’ Memorandum of Fact and Law in T-1735-11, para. 45)
[19] Thus, to the Applicants, history is important. The Act was first introduced in 1935, and in
1943 the CWB became a “Single Desk” which means the CWB became the sole marketing agency
for western Canadian wheat. This authority was extended to oats and barley in 1949, though the
marketing of oats was subsequently removed from the CWB’s exclusive jurisdiction in 1989.
Throughout this period government-appointed Commissioners managed the CWB; however, in
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1998, legislative amendments were introduced to improve the CWB’s marketing mandate and
structure to introduce democratic governance and greater accountability. The amendments
transferred control of the CWB to the farmers by creating a board of directors. Since 1998, twothirds
of the members of the board are elected directly by the grain producers. Section 47.1 was also
implemented at that time.
[20] Based on the historical context, the Applicants make the following arguments with respect
to the purpose of s. 47.1 and the scheme and the object of the Act :
In this case, the 1998 Amendments and section 47.1 were adopted in
response to increasing calls for greater farmer control over the
CWB’s operations and marketing mandate, including the demands of
some for dual marketing.
The creation of the Board, the majority of which was farmer-elected,
and the adoption of section 47.1 were in response to “the reasonable
expectations of a majority of western grain producers” and were
aimed at empowering farmers. The purpose of section 47.1 was to
ensure that “producers should be in control of any future changes to
the [CWB’s] mandate”.
[…]
The bill creates a dual marketing system in which Part IV, containing
the prohibitions on the export or interprovincial sale of wheat and
barley, is repealed, but the CWB remains as a purchaser of grain.
Section 47.1 was enacted by Parliament to ensure that the Minister
consulted with the Board and with producers prior to introducing
legislation to implement this very system.
[…]
The purpose of the 1998 Amendments is clear. The consistent
themes underlying the amendments were democracy, accountability,
flexibility and empowerment for farmers. Similarly, the purpose of
section 47.1 was to ensure that “farmers, not government, would be
in control of any future change to the [CWB’s] marketing authority”,
including the implementation of dual marketing and the elimination
of the Single Desk.
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(Applicants’ Memorandum of Fact and Law in T-1735-11, paras. 47-
48, 50, and 58)
[21] With respect to the intention of Parliament in introducing s. 47.1, from the body of evidence
presented by the Applicants, I find the following statements of the former Minister responsible for
the CWB to be particularly cogent:
House of Commons, October 7, 1997:
Virtually every marketing innovation which farmers have debated
over the past several years will be possible under this new law. In a
nutshell, that is what Bill C-4 is all about, empowering producers,
enshrining democratic authority which has never existed before,
providing new accountability, new flexibility and responsiveness,
and positioning farmers to shape the kind of wheat board they want
for the future (Affidavit of Allen Oberg, September 15, 2011, para.
38, Exhibit 7);
House of Commons, February 17, 1998:
Such a change would have eliminated the problematic clauses while
respecting and enshrining the fundamental principle of democratic
producer control;
[…]
Tonight, at long last, Bill C-4 will come to a vote at third reading. Its
passage will signal an era of change for the future. Its major themes
are democracy, accountability, flexibility and empowerment for
farmers.
Farmers will take control. They will have it within their authority to
shape their marketing agency as they see fit. I have complete
confidence in the judgment of producers to exercise their new
authority with strength, wisdom and prudence to the greater and
greater success of the prairie farm economy and prairie farmers most
especially (Affidavit of Allen Oberg, September 15, 2011, para. 40,
Exhibit 9);
Senate Committee, May 5, 1998:
Page: 13
The amendment would require that if any future minister responsible
for the [CWB] decides that it is appropriate public policy to change
the mandate of the [CWB], to make it either bigger or smaller, it
would be up to him to make that policy determination. But he would
be required to conduct a vote in advance to obtain the consent of
farmers (Affidavit of Allen Oberg, September 15, 2011, para. 42,
Exhibit 11).
[Emphasis in the original]
[22] In addition, the Former Minister repeatedly confirmed that s. 47.1 requires a Producer vote
if a proposed change is “significant or fundamental”:
Policy Statement, “Changes in Western Grain Marketing”, October
7, 1996:
The proposed legislation will provide for future mandate changes
contingent upon the formal considered advice of the CWB board of
directors and, if a quality control issue is involved, the formal
certification by the Canadian Grain Commission that a change can in
fact be made without jeopardizing the world-renowned Canada
reputation for high quality, consistency and dependability. If the
CWB directors consider any proposed change to be significant or
fundamental, a producer vote would be a prerequisite before
implementation [Emphasis added] (Record of the CWB, Tab 3, p.
112);
Standing Committee on Agriculture and Agri-Food, Meeting No. 57,
December 12, 1996:
In future the Wheat Board’s mandate may be adjusted, conditional
upon three things: first of all, a clear recommendation to that effect
by the directors of the Canadian Wheat Board; secondly, if a quality
control issue is involved, the unequivocal concurrence of the
Canadian Grain Commission that a change can be made safely
without damaging Canada’s reputation for quality and consistency;
and third, if the proposed change is significant or fundamental, then
an affirmative vote among farmers would need to be a prerequisite
[Emphasis added] (Record of the CWB, Tab 4, p. 125).
[23] The Council submits that the intention of Parliament can be evidenced by the invocation of
international trade obligations as a rationale for the 1998 Amendments by the Former Minister. The
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democratic nature of s. 47.1, which mandates producer control, was considered necessary in order to
defend the CWB’s marketing practices in the face of the NAFTA. The Former Minister stated that
s. 47.1 was intended to prevent the Act from being “used as some thinly veiled excuse by our
competitors, perhaps the United States, to launch some form of trade harassment” (House of
Commons, February 17, 1998; Affidavit of Allen Oberg, September 15, 2011, Exhibit 9; Council
Memorandum of Fact and Law, paras. 8-14).
[24] The Council effectively argues that, when in doubt, statutory interpretation must have regard
to democratic and constitutional values. In the present case this is especially important because s.
47.1 speaks to the unique situation in which these democratic values are already implemented in the
structure of the CWB. This fact requires that, in proposing that a fundamental change be made to
the structure, the Minister must act democratically. This is what s. 47.1 says. Not adhering to these
values is not only disrespectful, it is contrary to law.
C. The Minister’s Response
[25] The Minster advances the following statutory interpretation argument:
The Applicants contend that section 47.1 should be read expansively
in such a way as to require the Minister to seek and to obtain a
favourable producer vote before being allowed to introduce any bill
“that alters the CWB’s exclusive marketing mandate.” In an
affidavit filed by the CWB in these proceedings, the Chair of its
board of directors states the CWB position as being “ […] simply
that farmers, not the government, should decide the future of the
Single Desk in a vote held in accordance with section 47.1 of the
Act.”
The clear wording of the section 47.1, however, refers only to the
addition or subtraction of particular grains or types of grain from the
marketing regime as it is established in Parts III and IV of the Act. It
does not refer to limiting the future repeal of the Act itself or to any
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other changes. It leaves the future of the “single desk” as a matter for
Parliament to decide.
Section 47.1 is found in Part V under the heading, “OTHER GRAINS
– APPLICATION OF PARTS III AND IV,” which means that, not
only in its wording but in its statutory context as well, it is clearly
directed only to the addition or subtraction of particular grains in
Parts III and IV. The future of the “single desk” is a policy and
legislative decision for Parliament, not for the Court.
[…]
Properly interpreted, the scope of section 47.1 addresses the
inclusion or exclusion of particular grains or types of grain. Given
the principle of Parliamentary sovereignty, section 42(1) of the
Interpretation Act, and the clear wording of section 47.1 found under
the statutory heading “OTHER GRAINS – APPLICATION OF
PARTS III AND IV”, this provision cannot be so broadly interpreted,
as urged by the Applicants, as to place a perpetual veto in the hands
of each category of grain producers over the continued existence of
the marketing regime, or on the repeal of the Act itself.
Understanding the crucial distinction between removing types of
wheat or barley from the application of Part IV of the Act and
repealing the entire Act itself is fundamental to the correct
interpretation of section 47.1. Bill C-18 does not remove a particular
type of prairie wheat or barley from the application of Part IV of the
Act. Rather, Bill C-18 repeals the Act, thereby terminating the
CWB’s marketing monopoly in order to replace it with a new regime
that allows all grain producers the freedom to market and sell their
grain as they choose, including through the CWB if they so decide.
[Emphasis in original]
[Footnote removed]
(Respondents’ Consolidated Memorandum of Fact and Law, paras.
31-33; 38-39)
[26] The Minister relies upon the following evidentiary statements in support of the interpretation
argument:
a. A government news release issued in September 1997 concerning the
then Bill C-4 (into which section 47.1 was eventually added in the
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course of Parliamentary deliberations) stated that the concept of
farmer control was directed to the potential exclusion or inclusion of
various types of grains into the system (Affidavit of Allen Oberg,
September 15, 2011, Exhibit 6);
b. The Minister, at second reading in the House of Commons of the
Bill containing section 47.1, stated that:
[t]his new law will also empower producers to
determine democratically what is and what is not
under the Canadian Wheat Board’s marketing
jurisdiction.
[Emphasis in original]
(Affidavit of Allen Oberg, September 15, 2011, Exhibit 7);
c. Clauses 23 and 26 of Bill C-4 show that the arrangements for
exclusion and inclusion of grains would take place by regulation. It is
clear that changes such as the abolition of the “single desk” or the
repeal of the Act in the future were not the type of changes to which
the new provisions were intended to apply (Affidavit of Allen Oberg,
September 15, 2011, Exhibit 8);
d. Commenting on an amendment to the bill that would become section
47.1, the Minister testified before the Standing Senate Committee on
Agriculture and Forestry on May 5, 1998. The Minister referred to
the inconsistency that had historically marked the methods by which
inclusions and exclusions of various grains, such as oats and barley,
had previously taken place – sometimes by Order in Council and
sometimes by statutory amendment. When the Minister stated, “…it
is unclear how one goes about amending the jurisdiction of the
Canadian Wheat Board”, he had in mind the problem of moving
various grains in or out of the regime that the CWB administered. He
was not referring to more fundamental changes to the nature or
existence of the marketing regime itself (Affidavit of Allen Oberg,
September 15, 2011, Exhibit 11);
e. When the Secretary of State moved second reading in the House of
Commons and concurrence in the amendments made in the Senate to
Bill C-4, including the clause that is now section 47.1, the Secretary
of State stated:
The second area of Bill C-4 where the Senate has
proposed amendments concerns the means by which
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the number of grains under the marketing regime of
the wheat board can be either expanded or reduced.
As originally, drafted, western Canadian producers
had a process for excluding any kind, type, class or
grade of wheat or barley from the marketing authority
of the board. Similarly, the bill also laid out an
inclusion process for adding crops to the mandate of
the wheat board.
The amendment filled a gap in the existing Wheat
Board Act. As it now stands under the Canadian
Wheat Board, the process for changing the Canadian
Wheat Board’s mandate is unclear, as every member
from prairie Canada I am sure knows.
There have been concerns expressed by producers
and producer groups about the mechanism for
inclusion and exclusion originally laid out in Bill C-4.
Plenty of concerns have been expressed.
I am sure my colleagues from the opposition party are
going to get up very shortly and tell me why the
matter has not been set right yet.
The amendment responds to those concerns. The
amendment would replace existing clauses related to
the inclusion-exclusion of grains with the provision
that would require the current and future ministers
responsible for the board to consult the board of
directors with its two-thirds majority of farmer
chosen members and conduct a vote among
producers before any grains are added or removed
from the mandate of the board.
(Affidavit of Allen Oberg, September 15, 2011, Exhibit 12)
[Emphasis in Original]
(Respondents’ Consolidated Memorandum of Fact and Law, para.
47)
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D. Conclusions
[27] I find that by applying the interpretation test as set out above, the Applicants’ argument
which relies upon a contextual historical approach with respect to the unique democratic nature of
the CWB, and its importance, is compelling. I accept the argument that the CWB’s democratic
marketing practices are “significant and fundamental” because they are long standing, and strongly
supported by a large number of the some 17,000 grain producers in Western Canada. This support is
worthy of respect; the following argument on the rule of law made by the Council makes this clear:
The rule of law is a multi-faceted concept, conveying “a sense of
orderliness, of subjection to known legal rules and of executive
accountability to legal authority.” The Courts have repeatedly
described the rule of law as embodying the principle that the law “is
supreme over officials of the government as well as private
individuals, and thereby preclusive of the influence of arbitrary
power.” In other words, for political action to be legitimate, decisionmaking
must operate within the constraints of the law. Governments
cannot flout the law and must respect legitimate legal processes
already in place. As the Supreme Court stated in the Secession
Reference, “[i]t is the law that creates the framework within which
the “sovereign will” is to be ascertained and implemented. To be
accorded legitimacy, democratic institutions must rest, ultimately, on
a legal foundation.”
Adhering to the rule of law ensures that the public can understand the
rules they are bound by, and the rights they have in participating in
the law-making process. As the Applicants note, western farmers
relied on the fact that the government would have to conduct a
plebiscite under s. 47.1 before introducing legislation to change the
marketing mandate of the CWB. Disregarding the requirements of s.
47.1 deprives farmers of the most important vehicle they have for
expressing their views on the fundamental question of the single
desk. Furthermore the opportunity to vote in a federal election is no
answer to the loss of this particular democratic franchise. Until the
sudden introduction of Bill C-I8, Canadian farmers would have
expected the requirements of s. 47.1 to be respected.
The rule of law must therefore inform the interpretation of s. 47.1,
which sets out a process that includes consultation and a democratic
vote prior to abolishing the single desk. An interpretation of s. 47.1
Page: 19
that is consistent with the rule of law would give effect to the plain
meaning of its words as ordinary citizens would understand and
interpret them, and not in a manner that defeats the consultative
purpose of s. 47.1 — particularly, given that citizens and
stakeholders understood s. 47.1 to provide them with particular rights
and acted in accordance with that understanding.
[Footnotes excluded]
(Memorandum of Fact and Law of the Council, paras. 26-28)
[28] I give weight to the Council’s argument that s. 47.1 applies to changing the structure of the
CWB because the democratic structure is important to Canada’s international trade obligations
under NAFTA. I find that this is an important consideration which supports the argument that
Parliament’s intention in s. 47.1 is not to alter this structure without consultation and consent.
[29] However, the Applicants’ statutory interpretation, which I accept, should not be considered
to the exclusion of the Minister’s interpretation which focuses on the words used in s. 47.1 itself. In
my opinion, the correct interpretation of the provision includes both perspectives. In my opinion, to
accept the Minister’s interpretation to the exclusion of the Applicants’ would results in an absurdity,
a condition which is to be avoided.
[30] By construing the liberal interpretation of the Act which best ensures the attainment of its
objects, I find that the Act was intended to require the Minister to consult and gain consent where an
addition or subtraction of particular grains or types of grain from the marketing regime is
contemplated, and also in respect of a change to the democratic structure of the CWB. As the
Applicants argue, it is unreasonable to interpret the Act to conclude that while the Minister must
Page: 20
consult and gain consent when extracting or extending a grain, she or he is not required to consult or
gain consent when dismantling the CWB; the point is made as follows:
… Under the Minister’s interpretation of section 47.1, farmers would
be denied a vote “when it is most needed”, namely, in circumstances
where the CWB’s exclusive marketing mandate is to be eliminated.
That interpretation is not only inconsistent with the principle that the
words of a statute must be placed in context, but is contrary to
common sense.
(Applicants’ Memorandum of Fact and Law in T-1735-11, para. 52)
[31] Section 39 of Bill C-18 proposes to replace the whole marketing scheme of wheat in Canada
by repealing the Act after a transition period. I find that it was Parliament’s intention in introducing
s. 47.1 to stop this event from occurring without the required consultation and consent.
VI. Legitimate Expectations
[32] As an alternative argument, the Applicants maintain that the Minister has failed to meet
legitimate expectations. The Supreme Court of Canada describes a legitimate expectation as
follows:
It affords a party affected by the decision of a public official an
opportunity to make representations in circumstances in which there
would be no such opportunity. The court supplies the omission
where, based on the conduct of the public official, a party has been
led to believe that his or her rights would not be affected without
consultation.
(Old St Boniface Residents Association Inc v Winnipeg (City), [1990]
3 SCR 1170, at para. 110)
During the course of oral argument, the Applicants confirmed that, should they be successful on the
s. 47.1 breach argument, they would be content with that as the single result of the Applications.
Therefore, I exercise my discretion not to grant the Legitimate Expectation Declaration requests.
Page: 21
VII. Conclusion
[33] The Minister argues that the declarations should not be granted because their effect would
be meaningless. In response, I say that there are two meaningful effects of granting the Breach
Declarations.
[34] The first effect is that a lesson can be learned from what has just occurred. Section 47.1
speaks, it says: “engage in a consultative process and work together to find a solution.” The change
process is threatening and should be approached with caution. Generally speaking, when advancing
a significant change to an established management scheme, the failure to provide a meaningful
opportunity for dissenting voices to be heard and accommodated forces resort to legal means to
have them heard. In the present piece, simply pushing ahead without engaging such a process has
resulted in the present Applications being launched. Had a meaningful consultative process been
engaged to find a solution which meets the concerns of the majority, the present legal action might
not have been necessary. Judicial review serves an important function; in the present Applications
the voices have been heard, which, in my opinion, is fundamentally importantly because it is the
message that s. 47.1 conveys.
[35] The second and most important effect is that the Minister will be held accountable for his
disregard for the rule of law.
[36] I find it is fair and just to issue the Breach Declaration on each Application.
“Douglas R. Campbell”
Judge
FEDERAL COURT
SOLICITORS OF RECORD
DOCKETS: T-1057-11 and T-1735-11
STYLE OF CAUSE: T-1057-11
FRIENDS OF THE CANADIAN WHEAT BOARD, ET
AL. v. ATTORNEY GENERAL OF CANADA, ET AL.
and COUNCIL OF CANADIANS, ET AL. (Interveners)
T-1735-11
THE CANADIAN WHEAT BOARD, ET AL. v. THE
MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE AND AGRIFOOD IN
HIS CAPACITY AS MINISTER RESPONSIBLE FOR
THE CANADIAN WHEAT BOARD and PCSC –
PRODUCER CAR SHIPPERS OF CANADA INC.
(PRODUCER CAR SHIPPERS), ET AL. (Interveners)
PLACE OF HEARING: Winnipeg, Manitoba
DATE OF HEARING: December 6, 2011
REASONS FOR ORDER: CAMPBELL J.
DATED: December 7, 2011
APPEARANCES:
Anders Bruun
FOR THE APPLICANTS
FRIENDS OF THE CANADIAN WHEAT BOARD,
HAROLD BELL, DANIEL GAUTHIER, KEN
ESHPETER, TERRY BOEHM, LYLE SIMONSON,
LYNN JACOBSON, ROBERT HORNE, WILF
HARDER, LAURENCE NICHOLSON, LARRY
BOHDANOVICH, KEITH RYAN, ANDY BAKER,
NORBERT VAN DEYNZE, WILLIAM ACHESON,
LUC LABOSSIERE, WILLIAM NICHOLSON AND
RENE SAQUET
(IN T-1057-11)
Page: 2
Joel Katz FOR THE RESPONDENTS
ATTORNEY GENERAL OF CANADA, THE
MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE AND AGRIFOOD
IN HIS CAPACITY AS MINISTER RESPONSIBLE
FOR THE CANADIAN WHEAT BOARD
(IN T-1057-11)
John Lorn McDougall, Q.C. and
Matthew Fleming
Stephen Shrybman
John Lorn McDougall, Q.C. and
Matthew Fleming
James E. McLandress
Joel Katz
John B. Martens and
Colin R. MacArthur, Q.C.
FOR THE RESPONDENT
THE CANADIAN WHEAT BOARD
(IN T-1057-11)
FOR THE INTERVENERS
COUNCIL OF CANADIANS, ETC GROUP
(ACTION GROUP ON EROSION, TECHNOLOGY
AND CONCENTRATION), PUBLIC SERVICE
ALLIANCE OF CANADA AND FOOD SECURE
CANADA
(IN T-1057-11)
FOR THE APPLICANTS
THE CANADIAN WHEAT BOARD, ALLEN
OBERG, ROD FLAMAN, CAM GOFF, KYLE
KORNEYCHUK, JOHN SANDBORN, BILL
TOEWS, STEWART WELLS AND BILL WOODS
(IN T-1735-11)
FOR THE APPLICANTS
(IN T-1735-11)
FOR THE RESPONDENTS
THE MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE AND
AGRIFOOD IN HIS CAPACITY AS MINISTER
RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CANADIAN WHEAT
BOARD
(IN T-1735-11)
FOR THE INTERVENERS
PCSC – PRODUCER CAR SHIPPERS OF
CANADA INC. (PRODUCER CAR SHIPPERS),
LOGAN CONNOR, LEONARD GLUSKA, BILL
WOODS, MYRON FINLAY, HOWARD VINCENT,
GLEN HARRIS, AND TIM COULTER, ON THEIR
OWN BEHALF AND ON BEHALF OF THE
MEMBERS OF PRODUCER CAR SHIPPERS
(IN T-1735-11)
Page: 3
SOLICITORS OF RECORD:
Anders Bruun
Barrister & Solicitor
Winnipeg, Manitoba
FOR THE APPLICANTS
FRIENDS OF THE CANADIAN WHEAT BOARD,
HAROLD BELL, DANIEL GAUTHIER, KEN
ESHPETER, TERRY BOEHM, LYLE SIMONSON,
LYNN JACOBSON, ROBERT HORNE, WILF
HARDER, LAURENCE NICHOLSON, LARRY
BOHDANOVICH, KEITH RYAN, ANDY BAKER,
NORBERT VAN DEYNZE, WILLIAM ACHESON,
LUC LABOSSIERE, WILLIAM NICHOLSON AND
RENE SAQUET
(IN T-1057-11)
Myles J. Kirvan, Q.C.
Deputy Attorney General of Canada
FOR THE RESPONDENTS
ATTORNEY GENERAL OF CANADA, THE
MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE AND AGRIFOOD
IN HIS CAPACITY AS MINISTER RESPONSIBLE
FOR THE CANADIAN WHEAT BOARD
(IN T-1057-11)
FOR THE RESPONDENTS
THE MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE AND
AGRIFOOD IN HIS CAPACITY AS MINISTER
RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CANADIAN WHEAT
BOARD
(IN T-1735-11)
Fraser Milner Casgrain LLP
Barristers & Solicitors
Toronto, Ontario
James E. McLandress
Barrister & Solicitor
Winnipeg, Manitoba
FOR THE RESPONDENT
THE CANADIAN WHEAT BOARD
(IN T-1057-11)
FOR THE APPLICANTS
THE CANADIAN WHEAT BOARD, ALLEN
OBERG, ROD FLAMAN, CAM GOFF, KYLE
KORNEYCHUK, JOHN SANDBORN, BILL
TOEWS, STEWART WELLS AND BILL WOODS
(IN T-1735-11)
FOR THE APPLICANTS
THE CANADIAN WHEAT BOARD, ALLEN
OBERG, ROD FLAMAN, CAM GOFF, KYLE
KORNEYCHUK, JOHN SANDBORN, BILL
TOEWS, STEWART WELLS AND BILL WOODS
(IN T-1735-11)
Page: 4
Sack Goldbatt Mitchell LLP
Barristers & Solicitors
Ottawa, Ontario
Aikins MacAulay & Thorvaldson LLP
Barristers & Solicitors
Winnipeg, Manitoba
FOR THE INTERVENERS
COUNCIL OF CANADIANS, ETC GROUP
(ACTION GROUP ON EROSION, TECHNOLOGY
AND CONCENTRATION), PUBLIC SERVICE
ALLIANCE OF CANADA AND FOOD SECURE
CANADA
(IN T-1057-11)
FOR THE INTERVENERS
PCSC – PRODUCER CAR SHIPPERS OF
CANADA INC. (PRODUCER CAR SHIPPERS),
LOGAN CONNOR, LEONARD GLUSKA, BILL
WOODS, MYRON FINLAY, HOWARD VINCENT,
GLEN HARRIS, AND TIM COULTER, ON THEIR
OWN BEHALF AND ON BEHALF OF THE
MEMBERS OF PRODUCER CAR SHIPPERS
(IN T-1735-11)
Thursday, December 8, 2011
Privacy and Online Behavioural Advertising the Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada,
Privacy and Online Behavioural Advertising
Online behavioural advertising involves tracking consumers’ online activities over time in order to deliver advertisements targeted to their inferred interests. Behavioural advertisers often use sophisticated algorithms to analyze the collected data, build detailed personal profiles of users, and assign them to various interest categories. Interest categories are used to present ads defined as relevant to users in those categories.
While advertising may help subsidize the delivery of free online content desired by most users, it is nevertheless essential that online advertising practices respect an individual’s privacy rights and consent choices.
Online behavioural advertising may be considered a reasonable purpose under thePersonal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA), provided it is carried out under certain parameters, and is not made a condition of service.
The following guidelines were developed to help the various types of organizations involved in online behavioural advertising ensure that their practices are fair, transparent and in compliance with PIPEDA. Any future complaints concerning online behavioural advertising would be assessed based on the specific facts of each individual case.
PIPEDA and Personal Information
PIPEDA defines personal information as “information about an identifiable individual”. Information will be about an identifiable individual where there is a serious possibility that an individual could be identified through the use of that information, alone or in combination with other available information.
A prominent strategic element of online behavioural advertising comes from the tailoring of advertisements based on an individual’s browsing activities, which could include purchasing patterns and search queries. Given the scope and scale of information collected, the powerful means available for aggregating disparate pieces of data and the personalized nature of the activity, it is reasonable to consider that there will often be a serious possibility that the information could be linked to an individual.
As such, we take the position that the information involved in online tracking and targeting for the purpose of serving behaviourally targeted advertising to individuals will generally constitute personal information.
PIPEDA and User Choice
PIPEDA requires an individual’s knowledge and consent for the collection, use, or disclosure of personal information. PIPEDA also requires that the purposes for which an individual’s information is to be collected, used or disclosed be explained in a clear and transparent manner. In addition, PIPEDA does recognize that the form of consent can vary: for example, express consent (opt-in) when dealing with sensitive information, and implied consent (opt-out) when the information is less sensitive. It is important to note that the sensitivity of information depends on the nature of the information and the context in which it is being collected, used or disclosed.
While obtaining consent in the online environment is not without its challenges, it is possible. Opt-out consent for online behavioural advertising could be considered reasonable providing that:
- Individuals are made aware of the purposes for the practice in a manner that is clear and understandable – the purposes must be made obvious and cannot be buried in a privacy policy. Organizations should be transparent about their practices and consider how to effectively inform individuals of their online behavioural advertising practices, by using a variety of communication methods, such as online banners, layered approaches, and interactive tools;
- Individuals are informed of these purposes at or before the time of collection and provided with information about the various parties involved in online behavioural advertising;
- Individuals are able to easily opt-out of the practice - ideally at or before the time the information is collected;
- The opt-out takes effect immediately and is persistent;
- The information collected and used is limited, to the extent practicable, to non-sensitive information (avoiding sensitive information such as medical or health information); and
- Information collected and used is destroyed as soon as possible or effectively de-identified.
Restrictions
Inability to Decline
Any collection or use of an individual’s web browsing activity must be done with that person’s knowledge and consent. Therefore, if an individual is not able to decline the tracking and targeting using an opt-out mechanism because there is no viable possibility for them to exert control over the technology used, or if doing so renders a service unusable, then organizations should not be employing that type of technology for online behavioural advertising purposes. At present, this could include, for example, so-called zombie cookies, super cookies and device fingerprinting. Further information related to online tracking technologies can be found on our Web Tracking with Cookies fact sheet.
Tracking of Children
PIPEDA requires meaningful consent for the collection, use and disclosure of personal information. It is difficult to ensure meaningful consent from children to online behavioural advertising practices. Therefore, as a best practice, organizations should avoid tracking children and tracking on websites aimed at children.
Addressing the Challenges
By putting in place privacy-sensitive frameworks, organizations will promote consumer trust in their online activities. Addressing the privacy concerns raised by online behavioural advertising is central to establishing and maintaining consumer confidence in the online world.
Related OPC Documents
The OPC has a number of related resources available on our website:
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