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Colgan Air Flight 3407
A Dash 8 Q400 similar to the aircraft involved
Accident summary
Date
February 12, 2009
Type
Stall and crash due to pilot error
Site
Clarence Center, New York, United States
Passengers
45
Crew
4
Injuries
4 (all on the ground)
Fatalities
50 (1 on ground)
Survivors
0
Aircraft type
Bombardier DHC8-402 Q400
Operator
Colgan Air, as Continental Connection
Tail number
N200WQ
Flight origin
Newark Liberty International Airport
Destination
Buffalo Niagara International Airport
Colgan Air Flight 3407, marketed as Continental Connection under a codeshare agreement with Continental Airlines, was a daily U.S. regional airline commuter flight from Newark Liberty International Airport in New Jersey to Buffalo Niagara International Airport in New York State.
A Bombardier DHC8-402 Q400 operating as Flight 3407 departed late from Newark on February 12, 2009, at 9:20 p.m. EST. Shortly after the last communication by the flight crew with approach control at 10:17 p.m. (03:17, February 13 UTC), the plane stalled less than a mile northeast of the Outer Marker (LOM) while on an ILSapproach to Runway 23[1] and crashed into a house in the northeast Buffalo suburb of Clarence Center, a hamlet and census-designated place in the Town of Clarence, about 5 nautical miles (9.3 km) short of the runway threshold. A total of 50 people were killed including the two pilots, two flight attendants, 45 passengers (including one off-duty pilot), and one person in the house. It was the first fatal crash of a commercial airliner in the United States since the crash of Comair Flight 191in August 2006 that killed 49.
Contents
[hide]
1 Flight details
2 Crash
2.1 Fatalities
3 Nationalities
4 Investigation
5 Reactions
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
[edit]Flight details
Wikinews has related news:Fifty killed in commuter plane crash in Clarence Center, New York
Colgan Air Flight 3407 (9L 3407 or CJC 3407) was marketed as Continental Flight 3407 (CO 3407) under the Continental Connection brand. The flight departed late at 9:20 p.m. EST,[2] en route from Newark Liberty International Airport to Buffalo Niagara International Airport. The flight was one of seven Continental flights bound for Buffalo Niagara that day, out of a total of 110 incoming and departing flights across all carriers at Buffalo.[3]
The aircraft was a 74-seat Bombardier Dash 8 Q400 (Registration N200WQ) two-engine turboprop owned and operated by Colgan Air. N200WQ was registered with the Federal Aviation Administration in April 2008[4] and was put into service the same month.[5]
The Q400 model has been involved in 13 incidents, but the crash of Flight 3407 was the first resulting in fatalities.[5] This crash was also the first fatality on a Colgan Air passenger flight since the company was founded in 1991; there was a previous fatal incident (not involving passengers) in August 2003 when a repositioning flight crashed offshore of Massachusetts, killing both crew members. The only prior aviation incident on a Colgan Air passenger flight occurred at LaGuardia Airport, when another plane collided with the Colgan aircraft while taxiing, resulting in minor injuries to a flight attendant.[6]
The crew of four was led by Captain Marvin Renslow, age 47, of Lutz, Florida, who was hired by Colgan in 2005 and had flown 3,379 hours, 261 of them on the Q400 (including 109 as a captain).[7][8] He previously flew for Gulfstream International Airlines prior to joining Colgan. In 2007, he became a pilot in command for Colgan.[9] First Officer Rebecca Lynne Shaw, age 24, of Maple Valley, Washington,[10][11][12] was hired by Colgan in January 2008, and had flown 2,200 hours, 772 of them on the Q400.[8]Flight Attendants Matilda Quintero and Donna Prisco both joined Colgan in May 2008. Captain Joseph Zuffoletto, an off-duty crew member aboard Flight 3407, was hired by Colgan in September 2005.[13][14]
[edit]Crash
Planform view of a Q400 showing the high aspect ratio (long, narrow) wings
FAA ILS/LOC approach plate to Runway 23 at Buffalo Niagara International Airport (KBUF). The flight crashed (marked in red) near the Locator Outer Marker (LOM) (Identifier: "Klump") about five nautical miles from the threshold of Rwy 23.
The aircraft had been cleared for the ILS Runway 23 approach to the nearby Buffalo Niagara International Airport when it disappeared from radar. Weather conditions were a wintry mix in the area, with light snow, fog, and 17 miles per hour (27 km/h) winds. Two other aircraft reported icing conditions around the time of the crash. The last radio transmission from the flight occurred when the plane was 3 miles (4.8 km) northeast of the airport radio beacon known as KLUMP (see diagram), when First Officer Shaw acknowledged a routine instruction to change to tower frequency. After several attempts to hail the crew, controllers requested the assistance of Delta Air Lines Flight 1998 and US Airways Flight 1452 to make visual contact with the missing airplane; the Delta crew members responded that they did not see the plane.[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]
During the flight and continuing through the plane's landing approach, the crew had been flying on autopilot. The de-icing system was turned on 11 minutes into the flight by the crew, who discussed significant ice buildup on the aircraft's wings and windscreen shortly before the crash. Following this, the pilots extended the aircraft's flaps and landing gear for landing. The plane had been on autopilot and immediately went through severe pitch and roll oscillations, and the aircraft's stall-protection systems activated, which included astick shaker and stick pusher, which tried to push the nose of the aircraft down in order to gain airspeed and lift. The crew then attempted to raise the gear and reset the flaps. At some point during this chain of events the autopilot disengaged itself, as a condition described as aircraft upset commenced.[22] The plane pitched up at an angle of 31 degrees in its final moments, before pitching down at 45 degrees. It then rolled to the left at 46 degrees and snapped back to the right at 105 degrees. Occupants aboard experienced forces estimated at nearly twice that of gravity. Witnesses on the ground claimed to hear the engines sputter just before the crash.[23]
The plane struggled for about 25 seconds, during which the crew made no emergency declaration. It rapidly lost altitude and then crashed into a private home at 6038 Long Street, about 5 miles (8.0 km) from the end of the runway, and nearly directly under its intended approach path, with the nose pointed away from the destination airport. The ensuing fire destroyed the house and most of the plane, with the tail of the plane broken off and nearly intact. The house was the home of Douglas and Karen Wielinski along with their daughter Jill. Douglas was killed; his wife and daughter escaped with minor injuries and were treated at the Millard Fillmore Suburban hospital. The lots in the area are only 60 feet (18 m) wide; however, the plane hit the house squarely, destroying it in the fire with remarkably little damage to surrounding homes.[24] The home is around the corner from the Clarence Center Fire Company, so emergency personnel were able to respond quickly. While fighting the blaze, two firefighters were injured. The crash and intense fire caused the evacuation of 12 nearby houses.[3][19][21][25][26][27][28][29]
[edit]Fatalities
President of the United StatesBarack Obama shaking hands withBeverly Eckert six days before the accident
The total number of reported fatalities was 50, including all four crew members and one off duty crew-member, all 44 passengers, and one resident of the house that was struck. One woman on the plane was pregnant. There were four reported injuries on the ground, including two other people inside the home at the time of the crash. Among the reported dead were:[5][30][31][32][33][34]
Alison Des Forges, a human rights investigator and an expert on the Rwandan genocide.
Beverly Eckert, who became co-chair of the 9/11 Family Steering Committee and a leader of Voices of September 11 after her husband Sean Rooney was killed in theSeptember 11 attacks. She was en route to Buffalo to celebrate her late husband's 58th birthday and award a scholarship in his memory at Canisius High School.
Gerry Niewood and Coleman Mellett, jazz musicians who were en route to a concert with Chuck Mangione and the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra.
[edit]Nationalities
Nationality
Passengers
Crew
Ground
Total
Canada 2
0
0
2
Israel 1
0
0
1
People's Republic of China 1
0
0
1
United States 41
4
1
46
Total
45
4
1
50
[35]
[edit]Investigation
The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) announced that they would send a team to the crash site on February 13 to begin the investigation.[16] NTSB spokesman Steve Chealander said that 14 investigators were assigned to the crash of Continental Connection Flight 3407.[36] Both the Flight data recorder (FDR) and the Cockpit voice recorder(CVR) were retrieved and analyzed in Washington, D.C.[21][37]
After initial FDR and CVR analysis, it was determined that the aircraft went through severe pitch and roll oscillations after positioning its flaps and landing gear for landing. Until that time, the Dash 8 had been maneuvering normally. The de-icing system was reported to be turned on. During descent, the crew reported about 3 miles of visibility with snow and mist. Preceding the crash, the aircraft'sstall-protection systems had activated. Instead of the aircraft's diving straight into the house as was initially thought, it was found that the aircraft fell 800 feet before crashing pointing northeast, away from the destination airport. The passengers were given no warning of any trouble by the pilots. Occupants aboard the Dash 8 experienced an estimated force two times that of gravity just before impact. Chealander said information from the aircraft's flight data recorder indicates that the plane pitched up at an angle of 31 degrees, then down at 45 degrees. The Dash 8 rolled to the left at 46 degrees, then snapped back to the right at 105 degrees, before crashing into the house.[19][21][21][27][28][38][39]
At the crash scene, an area 2 square miles (5.2 km2) in size was cordoned off, despite the small footprint of the actual damage. Investigators stated it would take three or four days to remove all human remains and a few weeks to positively identify them. As the recovery effort proceeded, Chealander remarked that freezing temperatures as well as difficult to access debris were slowing the investigation. Portable heaters had to be brought to the site to thaw ice left in the wake of the firefighting efforts. Initial analysis of the aircraft's remains revealed the cockpit had sustained the greatest impact force, while the main cabin was mostly destroyed by the ensuing fireball. Towards the rear of the aircraft, passengers were found still strapped in their seats.[27][38][40]
On February 15, more information on the crash was released by the NTSB saying it appeared the plane had been on autopilot when it went down. The investigators did not find evidence of the severe icing conditions that would have required the pilots to fly manually.[41] Colgan Air recommends pilots fly manually in icy conditions, and requires they do so in severe icing conditions. The NTSB had issued a safety alert about the use of autopilot in icy conditions in December 2008. Without flying manually, pilots may be unable to feel changes in the handling characteristics of the airplane, which is a warning sign of ice buildup. The NTSB also revealed that the plane crashed a mere 26 seconds after trouble was first registered on the flight data recorder.[42][43][44][45]
More details emerged on February 18. It was reported that a re-creation of events leading up to the crash indicated that an anti-stall device known as a stick pusher had activated, which pushes the nose down when it determines a stall is imminent in order to maintain airspeed so the wings continue to generate lift and keep the aircraft aloft. The crew, concerned about a nose-down attitude so close to the ground, may have responded by pulling the nose upward and increasing power, but over-corrected, causing a stall or even a spin.[46] Bill Voss, president of Flight Safety Foundation, told USA Today that it sounded like the plane was in "a deep stall situation".[47]
On March 25, 2009, NTSB investigators said that icing probably did not contribute greatly to the accident. [48] On May 11, 2009, new information came out that Renslow had failed numerous tests during his career, and it was suggested that he may not have been adequately trained to respond to the emergency that led to the airplane's fatal descent. [49] Crew fatigue was also suspected, as both pilots appear to have been at Newark airport overnight and all day prior to the 9:18 pm departure.[50] In response to questioning from National Transportation Safety Board members, Colgan Air officials acknowledged that both pilots apparently were not paying close attention to the aircraft's instruments and failed to follow the airline's procedures for handling an impending stall in the final minutes of the flight. 'I believe Capt. Renslow did have intentions of landing safely at Buffalo, as well as first officer Shaw, but obviously in those last few moments ... the flight instruments were not being monitored, and that's an indication of a lack of situational awareness,' said John Barrett, Colgan's director of flight standards. The official transcript of the crew's communication, obtained from the cockpit voice recorder, as well as an animated depiction of the crash, constructed using data from theflight data recorder were made available to the public on May 12, 2009, the first day of the public hearing. Some of the crew's communication violated federal rules banning nonessential conversation. [51]
On June 3, 2009, the New York Times published an article[52] detailing complaints about Colgan's operations from an FAA inspector who observed test flights in January 2008. As in a previous FAA incident handling other inspectors' complaints,[52] the Colgan inspector's complaints were deferred and the inspector was demoted. The incident is under investigation by the Office of Special Counsel, the agency responsible for U.S. Government federal whistle-blower complaints.
On 2 February 2010, the NTSB released its final report into the accident. This was the first time in 15 years that a final report had been released by the NTSB in less than a year from the date of the accident. It concluded that the cause of the accident was pilot error. The pilot had used excessive force on the control column when a stick shaker activated in moderate icing conditions due to the aircraft being flown some 20 knots (37 km/h) too slow for the conditions. The actions of the pilot led to the aircraft entering an accellerated stall. The pilot had trained on the Saab 340, which is susceptible to tailplane stall, whereas the Dash-8 is not. The method by which civil aircraft pilots can obtain their licences was also criticised by the NTSB.[53]
[edit]Reactions
Colgan Air set up a telephone number for families and friends of those affected to call on February 13, and a family assistance center was opened at the Cheektowaga Senior Center in Cheektowaga CDP, Town of Cheektowaga, New York.[54][55][56] The American Red Cross also opened reception centers in Buffalo and Newark where family members could receive support from mental health and spiritual care workers.[57]
During the afternoon, the U.S. House of Representatives held a moment of silence for the victims and their families.[58]
Buffalo's professional ice hockey team, the Buffalo Sabres, held a moment of silence prior to their scheduled game the next night against the San Jose Sharks.[59] The University at Buffalo (UB), which lost 11 passengers who were former employees, faculty or alumni, and 12 who were family members of faculty, employees, students or alumni in the crash, also held a remembrance service on February 17, 2009[60][61]. A black band with the flight number was worn on UB players' uniforms for the remainder of the basketball season.
Buffalo State College President Muriel Howard released a statement regarding the six alumni lost on Flight 3407. Beverly Eckert was a 1975 graduate from Buffalo State.[62]
On March 4, 2009, New York Governor David Paterson proposed the creation of a scholarship fund to benefit children and financial dependents of the 50 crash victims. The Flight 3407 Memorial Scholarship would cover costs for up to four years of undergraduate study at a SUNY or CUNY school, or a private college or university in New York State.[63]
Safety issues found by the ongoing investigation include pilot training, hiring, and fatigue problems, leading the FAA to issue a "Call to Action" for improvements in the practices of regional carriers.[64]
The PBS program Frontline, examined the crash and the safety record of Colgan Air in its segment titled, Flying Cheap[1]
[edit]See also
American Eagle Flight 3008 – incident in 2006 and others back to 1998 involving ice buildup
American Eagle Flight 4184 – accident in 1994 involving ice buildup
Icing conditions in aviation
Aircraft upset
[edit]References
^ UPDATE ON NTSB INVESTIGATION INTO CRASH OF COLGAN AIR DASH-8 NEAR BUFFALO, NEW YORK NTSB Advisory, March 25, 2009 "The data indicate a likely separation of the airflow over the wing and ensuing roll two seconds after the stick shaker activated while the aircraft was slowing through 125 knots and while at a flight load of 1.42 Gs. The predicted stall speed at a load factor of 1 G would be about 105 knots." NOTE: The predicted stall speed for this aircraft at a flight load of 1.42 Gs would be about 125 kts which is arrived at by multiplying 105 kts (the predicted stall speed at 1 G) by 1.19164 (the square root of the flight load in Gs). Icing on the wing and tail surfaces, if any, would increase this stall speed.
^ "ASN Aircraft accident de Havilland Canada DHC-8-402 Q400 N200WQ Buffalo Niagara International Airport, NY (BUF)" (February 13, 2009). Aviation Safety Network.. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
^ a b "Buffalo area plane crash claims 50 lives". The Business Review. February 13, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
^ "FAA Registry: N-Number Inquiry Results". Federal Aviation Administration.. Retrieved 2009-02-13..
^ a b c Dolmetsch, Chris; Miller, Hugo (2009-02-13). Continental Flight Crashes Near Buffalo, Killing 50 (Update3). Bloomberg.com Retrieved 2009-02-13
^ Babineck, Mark; Hensel, Bill Jr. (2009-02-13). "Records show Colgan flights had been fatality free". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
^ Nipps, Emily (2009-02-13). "Pilot in Buffalo crash was from Pasco County". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved 2009-02-14.
^ a b "Frequently Asked Questions – Colgan Air Flight 3407". February 24, 2009. Retrieved February 26, 2009.
^ "Marvin Dean Renslow". The Tampa Tribune: p. 17. February 19, 2009.
^ "Co-pilot of crashed plane was from Wash" (2009-02-13). Katu. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
^ Tahoma High grad Rebecca Shaw dies in Continental 3407 crash February 14, 2009
^ Maple Valley woman co-pilot in plane crash: Rebecca Shaw, 24, worked hard to join ranks of airlines February 13, 2009
^ "Flight 3407 crew members names released". wivb.com. February 13, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
^ a b All Calm Moments Before Plane Crashes (2009-02-13). CBS News. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
^ Track log for Continental Connection flight 3407 (CJC3407) at flightwise.com
^ a b "Federal investigators begin searching for the cause of Clarence Center crash". The Buffalo News. February 12, 2009. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
^ Recording of air traffic controller LiveATC.net Archive for Buffalo, 22:00-22:30 EST
^ "Commuter Plane Crashes Into New York Home". cbsnews.com. February 12, 2009. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
^ a b c "Search for answers begins in Buffalo plane crash". CNN. February 13, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
^ "Obama extends sympathies to crash victims". UPI. February 12, 2009. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
^ a b c d e "NTSB: Crew reported ice buildup before crash". MSNBC. February 12, 2009. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
^ "NTSB: Colgan 3407 pitched up despite anti-stall push". Flight Global. February 15, 2009. Retrieved February 16, 2009.
^ "Too early to tell if icing caused crash, NTSB says". The Buffalo News. February 15, 2009. Retrieved February 15, 2009.
^ Residents Survive After Plane Crashes Through Home. WBEN 930 Buffalo, NY. 13 February 2009.
^ Karen Wielinski tells her story of survival after Flight 3407 crashed into her home February 13, 2009
^ "Mom, daughter escape after plane crashes into home". cnn.com. February 13, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
^ a b c "NTSB: Plane didn’t dive, landed flat on house". MSNBC. February 14, 2009. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
^ a b "Flight 3407 did not crash nose-down, federal investigators say". The Buffalo News. February 14, 2009. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
^ "50 killed as US plane crashes into house", Dawn, 2009-02-14
^ Tapper, Jake; Travers, Karen (2009-02-13). "President Obama Mentions Plane Crash, and Victim Beverly Eckert". Retrieved 2009-02-13.
^ Commuter Plane Crashes Into Buffalo-Area Home; 50 Killed. Fox News. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
^ Fiery Plane Crash In Upstate N.Y. Kills 50 (2009-02-13). NPR.. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
^ Publicist: 2 Mangione musicians die in plane crash
^ Victims of the crash of Flight 3407. (2009-02-18). Buffalo News. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
^ Victims of the crash of Flight 3407 Buffalo News February 24, 2009
^ Wawrow, John (2009-02-13). "Fiery plane crash in upstate NY kills 50". Yahoo!. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
^ "Black Boxes Found From Buffalo Crash". cbsnews.com. February 13, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
^ a b "NTSB: Plane rolled violently before crash". cnn.com. February 15, 2009. Retrieved February 15, 2009.
^ "NTSB: Crew Saw Ice Buildup Before Crash". cbsnews.com. February 13, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
^ "Strong sense of purpose drives investigators". The Buffalo News. February 15, 2009. Retrieved February 15, 2009.
^ "Crash plane 'dropped in seconds'". bbcnews.com. February 15, 2009. Retrieved February 16, 2009.
^ "Americas | Fatal US plane 'was on autopilot'". BBC News. Retrieved 2009-02-15.
^ "ABC News: Plane That Crashed Near Buffalo Was on Autopilot". Abcnews.go.com. February 15, 2009. Retrieved February 15, 2009.
^ "Plane that crashed near Buffalo was on autopilot". The Washington Post. February 15, 2009. Retrieved February 15, 2009.
^ "Flight Was on Autopilot; Anti-Ice Systems Apparently Working". The Wall Street Journal. February 15, 2009. Retrieved February 15, 2009.
^ "In Recreating Flight 3407, a Hint of Human Error". NY Times. 2009-02-18. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
^ Alan Levin (2009-02-15). "NTSB: Plane landed on its belly, facing away from airport". USA Today. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
^ Andy Pasztor (March 25, 2009). "Ice likely not a big factor in Buffalo plane crash". Wall Street Journal;. Retrieved 26 March 2009.
^ Andy Pasztor (May 11, 2009). "Captain's training faulted in air crash that killed 50". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 11, 2009.
^ Gregory Polek (May 12, 2009). "NTSB scrutinizes pilot actions in Q400 crash probe". Aviation International News. Retrieved May 12, 2009.
^ Matthew L. Wald (May 13, 2009). "Pilots Chatted in Moments Before Buffalo Crash". New York Times;. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
^ a b Matthew L. Wald (June 03, 2009). "Inspector Predicted Problems a Year Before Buffalo Crash". New York Times. Retrieved June 03, 2009.
^ Hradecky, Simon. "Crash: Colgan DH8D at Buffalo on Feb 12th 2009, impacted home while on approach". Aviation Herald. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
^ "Colgan Air, Inc. Releases Additional Information Regarding Flight 3407" (PDF). Colgan Air. 2009-02-13. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
^ "Senior Services". Town of Cheektowaga. Retrieved May 25, 2009.
^ "Cheektowaga CDP, New York". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved May 25, 2009.
^ "Red Cross Provides Comfort and Counseling to Families of Buffalo Plane Crash". American Red Cross. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
^ "Local Leaders React In Wake Of Flight 3407 Crash". WCBSTV. 2009-02-13. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
^ Hunter, Brian (2009-02-14). "Sabres gut out emotional win". NHL.com. Retrieved 2009-02-14.
^ "11 with UB ties die in plane crash". University at Buffalo: UB Reporter. 2009-02-13. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
^ "UB remembers victims of plane crash". University at Buffalo: UB Reporter. 2009-02-18. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
^ "A Message from President Howard about the Tragedy of Flight 3407". Buffalo State College. February 19, 2009. Retrieved February 25, 2009.
^ "Paterson plans Flight 3407 scholarships". University at Buffalo: UB Reporter. 2009-03-04. Retrieved 2009-03-04.
^ Frances Fiorino (September 25, 2009). "House Hearing Reviews Efforts To Improve Safety". Aviation Week and Space Technology.
[edit]External links
Wikinews has the following articles detailing the reaction at the time to the crash of Flight 3407:
Buffalo, New York plane crash may have resulted from pilot error
Airplane that crashed near Buffalo, New York 'was on autopilot'
Fifty killed in commuter plane crash in Clarence Center, New York
NTSB says pilot error caused crash of Colgan Air Flight 3407
Website created and maintained by family members and close friends of victims who perished onboard flight 3407
NTSB Computer simulation of last 2 minutes of flight 3407, National Transportation Safety Board
NTSB Public hearing, May 12-14, 2009. (Includes webcast of complete hearing and link to docket with all relevant documents, including Flight Data Recorder data and Cockpit Voice Recorder transcript)
Amateur video from seconds after crash of Flight 3407
Flight path for CJC3407 in 3D/Google Earth at flightwise.com
Flight track data for Continental Connection flight 3407 at flightwise.com
Flight 3407 Information - Colgan Air
Information Regarding Flight 3407 - Continental Airlines
Flight tracker and Track log
Flickr photo set of the crash
A picture of the aircraft taken in late 2008.
Passengers and crew aboard Flight 3407: Their stories - The Buffalo News
The Buffalo News "The Crash of Flight 3407" special section
The latest on the crash of flight 3407 from WKBW-TV
Buffalo Crash Puts Focus On Regional Airlines from NPR radio
Passenger Manifest – Colgan Flight 3407 - Colgan Air
Frontline (U.S. TV series) - Flying Cheap - February 9, 2010. One year after the deadly crash of Continental 3407, FRONTLINE investigate the safety issues associated with regional airlines.
