Sunday, May 3, 2009

Michael Grant Ignatieff the new guy

Michael Grant Ignatieff MP (/ɪgˈna.tʃəf/; born May 12, 1947) is a Canadian historian, politician, leader of the Liberal Party of Canada and the Leader of the Official Opposition in Canada. He has held prominent academic positions at Cambridge, Oxford, Harvard and Toronto. An award-winning author, he has also worked as a journalist and documentary filmmaker.

Ignatieff lived in the United Kingdom from 1978 to 2000. During this time he was a member of the faculty at both Cambridge and Oxford, and worked as a film-maker and political commentator for the BBC. He lived in the United States from 2000 to 2005; there, he was director of Harvard's Carr Center for Human Rights Policy while examing the use of the torture against detainees during George Bush's War on Terror. He returned to Canada in 2005 and took a position as a visiting professor and senior fellow of the Munk Centre for International Studies at the University of Toronto.[1] He was then mentioned as a possible Liberal candidate for the next federal election.

In 2006, he was elected as the Member of Parliament for Etobicoke—Lakeshore. Ignatieff was named associate critic for Human Resources and Skills Development in the Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet on February 22, 2006. He left this position on April 7, 2006 to become a candidate for the leadership of the Liberal Party. Front-runner for most of the campaign, he was defeated by Stéphane Dion on the leadership convention's fourth and final ballot. Ignatieff served as the party's deputy leader from December 18, 2006 to November 14, 2008. He was re-elected as Member of Parliament for Etobicoke-Lakeshore in the 2008 federal election.

On November 13, 2008 he announced his candidacy for the leadership of the Liberal Party.[2] On December 8, 2008 Dominic LeBlanc withdrew from the Liberal leadership race and on December 9, 2008, his only remaining opponent, Bob Rae, also withdrew, leaving Ignatieff as the sole candidate to replace Dion. On December 10, he was formally declared the interim leader in a caucus meeting, and his position was ratified at the party's May 2009 convention.[3]

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[edit] Early life

Ignatieff was born in Toronto, the son of Russian-born Canadian diplomat George Ignatieff and Alison Grant, and the grandson of Count Pavel Ignatiev, Minister of Education to Tsar Nicholas II and one of the few Tsarist ministers to have escaped execution by the Bolsheviks. His Canadian antecedents include his maternal great-grandfather, George Monro Grant, the 19th century principal of Queen's University. His mother's younger brother was the political philosopher George Grant (1918-1988), author of Lament for a Nation, and his great-aunt was Alice Massey, the wife of Governor General of Canada Vincent Massey. His great-grandfather was Count Nikolay Pavlovich Ignatyev, the Russian Minister of the Interior under Tsar Alexander III. In his book called The Russian Album, Ignatieff explores the importance of memory and obligation to ancestry in the context of his own family's history while rejecting Russian nationalism. Ignatieff is fluent in both English and French, and has a basic knowledge of Russian, the native language of his father.

Ignatieff's family moved abroad regularly in his early childhood as his father rose in the diplomatic ranks. But at the age of 11, Ignatieff was sent back to Toronto to attend Upper Canada College as a boarder in 1959.[4] At UCC, Ignatieff was elected a school prefect as Head of Wedd's House, was the captain of the varsity soccer team, and served as editor-in-chief of the school's yearbook.[4] As well, Ignatieff volunteered for the Liberal Party during the 1965 federal election by canvassing the York South riding. He resumed his work for the Liberal Party in 1968, as a national youth organizer and party delegate for the Pierre Elliott Trudeau party leadership campaign.

[edit] University

After high school, Ignatieff studied history at the University of Toronto's Trinity College. There, he met fellow student Bob Rae, from University College, who was a debating opponent and fourth-year roommate. After completing his undergraduate degree, Ignatieff took up his studies at the University of Oxford, where he studied, and was influenced by, the well-known historian and philosopher Isaiah Berlin, about whom he would later write. While an undergraduate at the University of Toronto, he was a part-time reporter for The Globe and Mail in 1964-65.[5] In 1976, Ignatieff completed his PhD in History at Harvard University.

[edit] University professor, writer, broadcaster

He was an assistant professor of history at the University of British Columbia from 1976 to 1978. In 1978 he moved to the United Kingdom, where he held a senior research fellowship at King's College, Cambridge until 1984. He then left Cambridge for London, where he began to focus on his career as a writer and journalist. During this time, he travelled extensively. He also continued to lecture at universities in Europe and North America, and held teaching posts at Oxford, the University of London, the London School of Economics, the University of California and in France.

While living in the United Kingdom, Ignatieff became well-known as a broadcaster on radio and television. His best-known television work has been Voices on Channel 4, the BBC 2 discussion programme Thinking Aloud and BBC 2's arts programme, The Late Show. His documentary series Blood and Belonging: Journeys into the New Nationalism aired on BBC in 1993. He was also an editorial columnist for The Observer from 1990 to 1993.

In 2000, Ignatieff accepted a position as the director of the Carr Center for Human Rights Policy at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. He taught at Harvard until 2005, when on August 26 it was announced that Ignatieff was leaving Harvard to become the Chancellor Jackman Visiting Professor in Human Rights Policy at the University of Toronto. Ignatieff has received nine honorary doctorates.

[edit] Family

Ignatieff is married to Hungarian-born Zsuzsanna M Zsohar, and has two children, Theo and Sophie, from his first marriage to Londoner Susan Barrowclough.[6] He has a younger brother, Andrew, a community worker who assisted with Ignatieff's campaign. Although described as not a "church guy", Ignatieff was raised Russian Orthodox and occasionally attends services with family.[7]

[edit] Recognition

Michael Ignatieff is a recognized historian, a fiction writer and public intellectual[8] who has written several books on international relations and nation building. His sixteen fiction and non-fiction books have been translated into twelve languages. He has contributed articles to newspapers such as The Globe and Mail and The New York Times Magazine. Maclean's named him among the "Top 10 Canadian Who's Who" in 1997 and one of the "50 Most Influential Canadians Shaping Society" in 2002. In 2003, Maclean's named him Canada's "Sexiest Cerebral Man."[9]

Ignatieff's history of his family's experiences in nineteenth-century Russia (and subsequent exile), The Russian Album, won the Canadian 1987 Governor General's Award for Non-Fiction and the British Royal Society of Literature's Heinemann Prize. His 1998 biography of Isaiah Berlin was shortlisted for both the Jewish Quarterly Literary Prize for Non-Fiction and the James Tait Black Memorial Prize.

His text on Western interventionist policies and nation building, Virtual War: Kosovo and Beyond, analyzes the NATO bombing of Kosovo and its subsequent aftermath. It won the Orwell Prize for political non-fiction in 2000.[10] Ignatieff worked with the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty in preparing the report, The Responsibility to Protect, which examined the role of international involvement in Kosovo and Rwanda, and advocated a framework for 'humanitarian' intervention in future humanitarian crises. Ignatieff's general line is to highlight the moral imperative to intervene for humanitarian and other high motives, rejecting isolationism, but then drawing attention to practical and systematic limitations to successful interventions. His 2003 book, Empire Lite, argued that the post-intervention efforts in Kosovo, Iraq, and Afghanistan were under-equipped to deal with the near-intractable problems they were facing.

His book on the dangers of ethnic nationalism in the post-Cold War period, Blood and Belonging: Journeys into the New Nationalism, won the Gordon Montador Award for Best Canadian Book on Social Issues and the University of Toronto's Lionel Gelber Prize.[11] Blood and Belonging was based on Ignatieff's Gemini Award winning 1993 television series of the same name.

In 2004, he published The Lesser Evil: Political Ethics in an Age of Terror, a philosophical work analyzing human rights in the post-9/11 world. The book was a finalist for the Lionel Gelber Prize, and attracted considerable attention for its attempts to reconcile the democratic ideals of western liberal societies with the often-coercive nature of the War on Terrorism.

Ignatieff also writes fiction; one of his novels, Scar Tissue, was short-listed for the Booker Prize. In addition to writing, he has been a guest lecturer in a variety of settings. He delivered the Massey Lectures in 2000. Entitled The Rights Revolution, the series was released in print later that year. He has been a participant and panel leader at the World Economic Forum in Geneva.

Ignatieff was ranked 37th on a list of top public intellectuals prepared by Prospect and Foreign Policy magazines in 2005.[12]

[edit] Writings

Ignatieff has been described by the British Arts Council as "an extraordinarily versatile writer," in both the style and the subjects he writes about.[13] His fictional works, Asya, Scar Tissue, and Charlie Johnson in the Flames cover, respectively, the life and travels of a Russian girl, the disintegration of one's mother due to neurological disease, and the haunting memories of a journalist in Kosovo. In all three works, however, one sees elements of the author's own life coming through. For instance, Ignatieff travelled to the Balkans and Kurdistan while working as a journalist, witnessing first hand the consequences of modern ethnic warfare. Similarly, his historical memoir, The Russian Album, traces his family's life in Russia and their troubles and subsequent emigration as a result of the Bolshevik Revolution.

A historian by training, he wrote A Just Measure of Pain, a history of prisons during the Industrial Revolution. His biography of Isaiah Berlin reveals the strong impression the celebrated philosopher made on Ignatieff. Philosophical writings by Ignatieff include The Needs of Strangers and The Rights Revolution. The latter work explores social welfare and community, and shows Berlin's influence on Ignatieff. These tie closely to Ignatieff's political writings on national self-determination and the imperatives of democratic self-government. Ignatieff has also written extensively on international affairs.[13]

Blood and Belonging, a 1993 work, explores the duality of nationalism, from Yugoslavia to Northern Ireland. It is the first of a trilogy of books that explore modern conflicts. The Warrior's Honour, published in 1998, deals with ethnically motivated conflicts, including the conflicts in Afghanistan and Rwanda. The final book, Virtual War, describes the problems of modern peacekeeping, with special reference to the NATO presence in Kosovo.

[edit] Canadian culture and human rights

In The Rights Revolution, Ignatieff identifies three aspects of Canada's approach to human rights that give the country its distinctive culture: 1) On moral issues, Canadian law is secular and liberal, approximating European standards more closely than American ones; 2) Canadian political culture is socially democratic, and Canadians take it for granted that citizens have the right to free health care and public assistance; 3) Canadians place a particular emphasis on group rights, expressed in Quebec's language laws and in treaty agreements that recognize collective aboriginal rights. "Apart from New Zealand, no other country has given such recognition to the idea of group rights," he writes.[14]

Ignatieff states that despite its admirable commitment to equality and group rights, Canadian society still places an unjust burden on women and gays and lesbians, and he says it is still difficult for newcomers of non-British or French descent to form an enduring sense of citizenship. Ignatieff attributes this to the "patch-work quilt of distinctive societies," emphasizing that civic bonds will only be easier when the understanding of Canada as a multinational community is more widely shared.

[edit] International affairs

Ignatieff has written extensively on international development, peacekeeping and the international responsibilities of Western nations. Critical of the limited-risk approach practiced by NATO in conflicts like the Kosovo War and the Rwandan Genocide, he says that there should be more active involvement and larger scale deployment of land forces by Western nations in future conflicts in the developing world. Ignatieff attempts to distinguish his approach from Neo-conservativism because the motives of the foreign engagement he advocates are essentially altruistic rather than selfserving.[15]

In this vein, Ignatieff was a prominent supporter of the 2003 Invasion of Iraq.[16] Ignatieff says that the United States established "an empire lite, a global hegemony whose grace notes are free markets, human rights and democracy, enforced by the most awesome military power the world has ever known." The burden of that empire, he says, obliged the United States to expend itself unseating Iraqi president Saddam Hussein in the interests of international security and human rights. Ignatieff initially accepted the position of the George W. Bush administration: that containment through sanctions and threats would not prevent Hussein from selling weapons of mass destruction to international terrorists. Ignatieff believed that those weapons were still being developed in Iraq.[17] Moreover, according to Ignatieff, "what Saddam Hussein had done to the Kurds and the Shia" in Iraq was sufficient justification for the invasion.[18][19]

In the years following the invasion, Ignatieff reiterated his support for the war, if not the method in which it was conducted. "I supported an administration whose intentions I didn't trust," he averred, "believing that the consequences would repay the gamble. Now I realize that intentions do shape consequences."[16] He eventually recanted his support for the war entirely. In a 2007 New York Times Magazine article, he wrote: "The unfolding catastrophe in Iraq has condemned the political judgment of a president, but it has also condemned the judgment of many others, myself included, who as commentators supported the invasion." Ignatieff partly interpreted what he now saw as his particular errors of judgment, by presenting them as typical of academics and intellectuals in general, whom he characterised as "generalizing and interpreting particular facts as instances of some big idea". In politics, by contrast, "Specifics matter more than generalities".[20]

On June 3, 2008, Michael Ignatieff voted to implement a program which would “allow conscientious objectors…to a war not sanctioned by the United Nations…to…remain in Canada…”[21][22][23]

Ignatieff has also spoken on the issue of Canadian participation in the North American Missile Defence Shield. In "Virtual War," Ignatieff refers to the likelihood of America developing a MDS to protect the United States. Nowhere did Ignatieff voice support for Canadian participation in such a scheme. [24] Further, in October 2006, Ignatieff indicated that he personally would not support ballistic missile defence nor the weaponization of space.[25]

[edit] The Lesser Evil approach

Ignatieff has argued that Western democracies may have to resort to "lesser evils" like indefinite detention of suspects, coercive interrogations,[26] targeted assassinations, and pre-emptive wars in order to combat the greater evil of terrorism.[27] He states that as a result, societies should strengthen their democratic institutions to keep these necessary evils from becoming as offensive to freedom and democracy as the threats they are meant to prevent.[28] The 'Lesser Evil' approach has been criticized by some prominent human rights advocates, like Conor Gearty, for incorporating a problematic form of moral language that can be used to legitimize forms of torture.[29] But other human rights advocates, like Human Rights Watch's Kenneth Roth, have defended Ignatieff, saying his work attempts a difficult balance between competing values.[30] In the context of this "lesser evil" analysis, Ignatieff has discussed whether or not liberal democracies should employ coercive interrogation and torture. Ignatieff has adamantly maintained that he supports a complete ban on torture[31], which according to his 2004 Op-ed in the New York Times, did not include certain "forms of sleep deprivation that do not result in lasting harm to mental or physical health, together with disinformation and disorientation (like keeping prisoners in hoods)."[28]

[edit] Political career

Michael Ignatieff speaking to citizens in the riding of Etobicoke—Lakeshore, at Assembly Hall in Etobicoke, 18 January 2006.

In 2004, two Liberal organizers, Ian Davey (son of Senator Keith Davey) and lobbyist,lawyer Daniel Brock,[2] travelled to Cambridge, Massachusetts, to convince Ignatieff to run for the Canadian House of Commons, and to consider a possible bid for the Liberal leadership should Paul Martin retire.[32] As a result of the activities of Brock and Davey, assisted by former Liberal candidate Alfred Apps, in January 2005, speculation began in the press that Ignatieff could be a star candidate for the Liberals in the next election, and possibly a candidate to succeed Paul Martin, then the leader of the governing Liberal Party of Canada.

After months of rumours and repeated denials, Ignatieff confirmed in November 2005 that he intended to run for a seat in the House of Commons in the winter 2006 election. It was announced that Ignatieff would seek the Liberal nomination in the Toronto riding of Etobicoke—Lakeshore.

Some Ukrainian-Canadian members of the riding association objected to the nomination, citing a perceived anti-Ukrainian sentiment in Blood and Belonging, where Ignatieff discusses Russian stereotypes of Ukrainians.[33] Critics also questioned his commitment to Canada, pointing out that Ignatieff had lived outside of Canada for more than 30 years and had sometimes referred to himself as an American. When asked about it by Peter Newman in a Maclean's interview published on 6 April 2006, Ignatieff said: "Sometimes you want to increase your influence over your audience by appropriating their voice, but it was a mistake. Every single one of the students from 85 countries who took my courses at Harvard knew one thing about me: I was that funny Canadian."[34] Two other candidates filed for the nomination but were disqualified (one, because he was not a member of the party and the second because he had failed to resign from his position on the riding association executive). Ignatieff went on to defeat the Conservative candidate by a margin of roughly 5,000 votes to win the seat.[35]

[edit] Leadership bid

After the Liberal government was defeated in the January 2006 federal election, Paul Martin resigned from party leadership. On April 7, 2006, Ignatieff announced his candidacy in the upcoming Liberal leadership race, joining several others who had already declared their candidacy.

Ignatieff received several high profile endorsements of his candidacy. His campaign was headed by Senator David Smith, who had been a Chrétien organizer, along with Ian Davey, Daniel Brock, Alfred Apps and Paul Lalonde, a Toronto lawyer and son of Marc Lalonde.[36] Financing for the campaign was secured by Brock, former Ontario Premier David Peterson, Abe Schwartz and Giovanni Rizzuto.[37]

Following the selection of delegates in the party's "Super Weekend" exercise on the last weekend of September, Ignatieff gained more support from delegates than other candidates with 30% voting for him.

In August,2006, Ignatieff said he was "not losing any sleep" over dozens of civilian deaths caused by Israel's attack on Qana during its military actions in Lebanon.[38] Ignatieff recanted those words the following week. Then, on October 11, 2006, Ignatieff described the Qana attack as a war crime (committed by Israel). Susan Kadis, who had previously been Ignatieff's campaign co-chair, withdrew her support following the comment. Other Liberal leadership candidates have also criticized Ignatieff's comments.[39] Ariela Cotler, a Jewish community leader and the wife of prominent Liberal MP Irwin Cotler, left the party following Ignatieff's comments.[40] Ignatieff later qualified his statement, saying "Whether war crimes were committed in the attack on Qana is for international bodies to determine. That doesn't change the fact that Qana was a terrible tragedy."[41]

On 14 October, Ignatieff announced that he would visit Israel, to meet with Israeli and Palestinian leaders and "learn first-hand their view of the situation". He noted that Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and Israel's own B'Tselem have stated that war crimes were committed in Qana, describing the suggestion as "a serious matter precisely because Israel has a record of compliance, concern and respect for the laws of war and human rights"[42] Ignatieff added that he would not meet with Palestinian leaders who did not recognize Israel. However, the Jewish organization sponsoring the junket subsequently cancelled the trip, because of too much media attention.

[edit] Montreal Convention

At the leadership convention in Montreal, taking place at Palais des Congrès, Ignatieff entered as the apparent front-runner, having elected more delegates to the convention than any other contender. However, polls consistently showed he had weak second-ballot support, and those delegates not already tied to him would be unlikely to support him later.

On December 1, 2006, Michael Ignatieff led the leadership candidates on the first ballot, garnering 29% support. The subsequent ballots were cast the following day, and Ignatieff managed a small increase, to 31% on the second ballot, good enough to maintain his lead over Bob Rae, who had attracted 24% support, and Stéphane Dion, who garnered 20%. However, due to massive movement towards Stéphane Dion by delegates who supported Gerard Kennedy, Ignatieff dropped to second on the third ballot. Shortly before voting for the third ballot was completed, with the realization that there was a Dion-Kennedy pact, Ignatieff campaign co-chair Denis Coderre made an appeal to Rae to join forces and prevent the ardent federalist Dion from winning the leadership (on the basis that Dion's federalism would alienate Quebecers), but Rae turned down the offer and opted to release his delegates.[43] With the help of the Kennedy delegates, Dion jumped up to 37% support on the third ballot, in contrast to Ignatieff's 34% and Rae's 29%. Bob Rae was eliminated and the bulk of his delegates opted to vote for Dion rather than Ignatieff. In the fourth and final round of voting, Ignatieff took 2084 votes and lost the contest to Stéphane Dion, who won with 2521 votes.[44]

Lauren P. S. Epstein, the former prime minister of the Harvard Canadian Club, commented on the loss: "What it came down to in the final vote was that the liberal delegates were looking for someone who was more likely to unite the party; Ignatieff had ardent supporters, but at the same time, he had people who would never under any circumstances support him."[45]

Ignatieff confirmed that he would run as the Liberal MP for Etobicoke—Lakeshore in the next federal election.[46]

[edit] Deputy Leader

On December 18, 2006, new Liberal leader Stéphane Dion named Ignatieff his deputy leader, in line with Dion's plan to give high-ranking positions to each of his former leadership rivals.[47]

During three by-elections held on September 18, 2007, the Halifax Chronicle-Herald reported that unidentified Dion supporters were accusing Ignatieff's supporters of undermining by-election efforts, with the goal of showing that Dion could not hold on to the party's Quebec base.[48] Susan Delacourt of the Toronto Star described this as a recurring issue in the party with the leadership runner-up.[49][49] The National Post referred to the affair as, "Discreet signs of a mutiny."[50]Although Ignatieff called Dion to deny the allegations, the Globe and Mail cited the NDP's widening lead after the article's release, suggested that the report had a negative impact on the Liberals' morale.[51] The Liberals were defeated in their former stronghold of Outremont.

Since then, Ignatieff has urged the Liberals to put aside their differences, saying "united we win, divided we lose".[52]

[edit] Interim Leader of the Liberal Party

Ignatieff with US President Barack Obama in Ottawa on February 19, 2009

Dion announced that he would schedule his departure as Liberal leader for the next party convention, after the Liberals lost seats and support in the 40th general election. Ignatieff held a news conference on November 13, 2008 to once again announce his candidacy for the leadership of the Liberal Party of Canada.[53]

When the Liberals reached an accord with the other opposition parties to form a coalition and defeat the government, Ignatieff reluctantly endorsed it. He was reportedly uncomfortable with a coalition with the NDP and outside support from the Bloc Quebecois, and has been described as one of the last Liberals to sign on.[54][55][56] After Parliament was prorogued, delaying the non-confidence motion until January 2009, Ignatieff and other party insiders put pressure on Dion to resign immediately. [57]

Leadership contender Dominic LeBlanc, who was running in third place, dropped out and threw his support behind Ignatieff. On December 9, the other remaining opponent for the Liberal Party leadership, Bob Rae, withdrew from the race, leaving Ignatieff as the presumptive winner.[58] On December 10, he was formally declared the interim leader in a caucus meeting, and his position is to be ratified at the May 2009 convention.[3]. On February 19, 2009, during his visit to Canada, American President Barack Obama met with Ignatieff to discuss topics ranging from climate change to Afghanistan.

[edit] Elected Leader of the Liberal Party

On May 2, 2009 Ignatieff was officially elected the leader of the Liberal Party by 97% of delegates at the party convention in Vancouver.[59] The vote was mostly a formality as there were no other candidates for the leadership.

[edit] Notable political stances

[edit] Detention of Omar Khadr

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Ignatieff has supported Stephen Harper’s continuation of the Liberal Party of Canada’s earlier policy in favour of the detention and interrogation of Omar Khadr by the government of the United States of America in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.

[edit] Extension of Canada's Afghanistan mission

Since his election to Parliament, Ignatieff has been one of the few[60] opposition members supporting the minority Conservative government's commitment to Canadian military activity in Afghanistan. Prime Minister Stephen Harper called a vote in the House of Commons for May 17, 2006 on extending the Canadian Forces current deployment in Afghanistan until February 2009. During the debate, Ignatieff expressed his "unequivocal support for the troops in Afghanistan, for the mission, and also for the renewal of the mission." He argued that the Afghanistan mission tests the success of Canada's shift from "the peacekeeping paradigm to the peace-enforcement paradigm," the latter combining "military, reconstruction and humanitarian efforts together."[61][62]

The opposition Liberal caucus of 102 MPs was divided, with 24 MPs supporting the extension, 66 voting against, and 12 abstentions. Among Liberal leadership candidates, Ignatieff and Scott Brison voted for the extension. Ignatieff led the largest Liberal contingent of votes in favour, with at least five of his caucus supporters voting along with him to extend the mission.[63] Following the vote, Harper shook Ignatieff's hand.[64]

In a subsequent campaign appearance, Ignatieff reiterated his view of the mission in Afghanistan. He stated: "the thing that Canadians have to understand about Afghanistan is that we are well past the era of Pearsonian peacekeeping."[65]

[edit] Quebec as a nation

On October 21, 2006, the Quebec wing of the Liberal Party of Canada adopted a resolution that called for the entire Liberal Party of Canada to recognize "the Quebec nation", and to form a task force to find possible ways to "officialize this historical and social reality."[66] Ignatieff endorsed the resolution and suggested that it may need to be entrenched into the Constitution of Canada at some point down the road. Two of his former leadership rivals, Bob Rae and Stéphane Dion have agreed on the nation label, but do not want to reopen the Constitution.[67] Recognizing Quebec's "distinct" nature in the Constitution was attempted previously by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney with the Meech Lake Accord and the Charlottetown Accord, as well as by a motion by then-Prime Minister Jean Chrétien in 1995.

On November 22, 2006, Prime Minister Stephen Harper declared his support for the Québécois being recognized as a nation within Canada. This recognition of the "Québécois nation" is essentially of symbolic political nature, and represents no constitutional changes or legal consequences. Prime Minister Harper introduced a motion to the House of Commons that called for the recognition "that the Québécois form a nation within a united Canada". The motion was carried by the House of Commons on November 27, 2006, by a vote of 266-16, with every party supporting the motion, and a handful of Liberal members voting against, as well as independent MP Garth Turner. Following the adoption of this motion, the Liberal motion was withdrawn, and not presented to the convention.

[edit] Carbon Tax

During the Liberal leadership race in 2006, Ignatieff advocated strong measures, including a national carbon tax, to address climate change.[68] Following the 2008 election, he shifted his approach. In a speech to the Edmonton Chamber of Commerce in February, 2009, he said: "You've got to work with the grain of Canadians and not against them. I think we learned a lesson in the last election."[69]

[edit] Bibliography

[edit] Screenplays

  • Onegin, 1999 (with Peter Ettedgui)
  • 1919, 1985 (with Hugh Brody)

[edit] Drama

  • Dialogue in the Dark, for the BBC

[edit] Fiction

  • Asya, 1991
  • Scar Tissue, 1993
  • Charlie Johnson in the Flames, 2005

[edit] Non-fiction

  • A Just Measure of Pain: Penitentiaries in the Industrial Revolution, 1780-1850, 1978
  • (ed. with Istvan Hont) Wealth and Virtue: The Shaping of Political Economy in the Scottish Enlightenment, Cambridge University Press , 1983. ISBN 0-521-23397-6
  • The Needs of Strangers, 1984
  • The Russian Album, 1987
  • Blood and Belonging: Journeys Into the New Nationalism, 1994
  • Warrior's Honour: Ethnic War and the Modern Conscience, 1997
  • Isaiah Berlin: A Life, 1998
  • Virtual War: Kosovo and Beyond, 2000
  • The Rights Revolution, Viking, 2000
  • Human Rights as Politics and Idolatry, Anansi Press Ltd, 2001
  • Empire Lite: Nation-Building in Bosnia, Kosovo and Afghanistan, Minerva, 2003
  • The Lesser Evil: Political Ethics in an Age of Terror, Princeton University Press, 2004 (2003 Gifford Lectures; sample chapters)
  • American Exceptionalism and Human Rights (ed.), Princeton University Press, 2005.
  • True Patriot Love, Penguin Group Canada, 2009.

[edit] Recent articles

  • Getting Iraq Wrong, The New York Times Magazine, August 5, 2007.
  • What I Would Do If I Were The Prime Minister. Maclean's, September 4, 2006.
  • The Broken Contract, The New York Times Magazine, September 25, 2005.
  • Iranian Lessons, The New York Times Magazine, July 17, 2005.
  • Who Are Americans to Think That Freedom Is Theirs to Spread?, The New York Times Magazine, June 26, 2005.
  • The Uncommitted, The New York Times Magazine, January 30, 2005.
  • The Terrorist as Auteur, The New York Times Magazine, November 14, 2004.
  • Mirage in the Desert, The New York Times Magazine, 27 June 2004.
  • Could We Lose the War on Terror?: Lesser Evils, (cover story), The New York Times Magazine, 2 May 2004.
  • The Year of Living Dangerously, The New York Times Magazine, 14 March 2004.
  • Arms and the Inspector, Los Angeles Times, 14 March 2004.
  • Peace, Order and Good Government: A Foreign Policy Agenda for Canada, OD Skelton Lecture, Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Ottawa, March 12, 2004.
  • Why America Must Know Its Limits, Financial Times, 24 December 2003.
  • A Mess of Intervention. Peacekeeping. Pre-emption. Liberation. Revenge. When should we send in the Troops?, The New York Times Magazine [cover story], 7 September 2003.
  • I am Iraq, The New York Times Magazine, 31 March 2003 [Reprinted in the The Guardian and The National Post].
  • American Empire: The Burden, (cover story), The New York Times Magazine, 5 January 2003.
  • Acceptance Speech from the 2003 Hannah Arendt Prize for Political Thinking
  • Mission Impossible?, A Review of A Bed for the Night: Humanitarianism in Crisis, by David Rieff (Simon and Schuster, 2002), Printed in The New York Review of Books, 19 December 2002.
  • When a Bridge Is Not a Bridge, New York Times Magazine, 27 October 2002.
  • The Divided West, The Financial Times, 31 August 2002.
  • Nation Building Lite, (cover story) The New York Times Magazine, 28 July 2002.
  • The Rights Stuff, New York Times of Books, 13 June 2002.
  • No Exceptions?, Legal Affairs, May/June 2002.
  • Why Bush Must Send in His Troops, The Guardian, 19 April 2002.
  • Barbarians at the Gates?, The New York Times Book Review, 18 February 2002.
  • Is the Human Rights Era Ending?, New York Times, 5 February 2002.
  • Intervention and State Failure, Dissent, Winter 2002.
  • Kaboul-Sarajevo: Les nouvelles frontières de l'empire, Seuil, 2002.

[edit] Notes and references

  1. ^ "Michael Ignatieff". Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs. http://www.cceia.org/people/data/michael_ignatieff.html.
  2. ^ http://www.thestar.com/article/536753
  3. ^ a b "Ignatieff named interim Liberal leader". CBC News. 2008-12-10. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2008/12/10/ignatieff-caucus.html. Retrieved on 2008-12-10.
  4. ^ a b Valpy, Michael (August 26, 2006). "Being Michael Ignatieff". Globe and Mail. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20060825.wxboat26/BNStory/National/home/?pageRequested=all. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
  5. ^ http://www.bulletin.uwaterloo.ca/2001/jan/24we.html
  6. ^ Owen, Arthur. "Descendants of Charles Oulton and Abigail Fillmore". http://arthur.owen.tripod.com/Oulton/b16362.htm. Retrieved on 2006-08-11.
  7. ^ Michael Valpy on Michael Ignatieff. Interview with Michael Valpy. Globe and Mail. August 28, 2006. [1]
  8. ^ "The Prospect/FP Top 100 Public Intellectuals.". http://www.infoplease.com/spot/topintellectuals.html. Retrieved on 2006-08-28.
  9. ^ "Liberal.ca Biography of Michael Ignatieff". http://www.liberal.ca/bio_e.aspx?&id=35023. Retrieved on 2006-08-11.
  10. ^ Birk, Tamir (2008-12-20). "Political Profile: Michael Ignatieff". InformedVote. http://informedvote.ca/2008/12/political-profile-michael-ignatieff/.
  11. ^ "The Lionel Gelber Prize". http://www.utoronto.ca/mcis/gelber/. Retrieved on 2006-04-20.
  12. ^ "The Prospect/FP Top 100 Public Intellectuals.". http://www.infoplease.com/spot/topintellectuals.html. Retrieved on 2006-08-28.
  13. ^ a b "Michael Ignatieff at Contemporary Writers". http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth141. Retrieved on 2006-08-10.
  14. ^ Ignatieff, Michael (2000). The Rights Revolution. House of Anansi Press. ISBN 0-88784-656-4.
  15. ^ Empire Lite: Nation-Building in Bosnia, Kosovo and Afghanistan, Minerva, 2003
  16. ^ a b Ignatieff, Michael (March 14, 2004). "The Year of Living Dangerously". The New York Times Magazine. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/14/magazine/14WWLN.html?ex=1155441600&en=702afeea45f58a4f&ei=5070. Retrieved on 2006-08-11.
  17. ^ Ignatieff, Michael (January 5, 2003). "The Burden". The New York Times Magazine. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B03E6DA143FF936A35752C0A9659C8B63&scp=1&sq=The%20Burden%20Ignatieff&st=cse. Retrieved on 2006-08-11.
  18. ^ Ignatieff, Michael (March 30, 2006). "Canada and the World". The Globe and Mail. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20060330.wignatiefftext0330/BNStory/Front/?&pageRequested=all&print=true. Retrieved on 2006-08-11.
  19. ^ Finlay, Mary Lou; Budd, Barbara (April 7, 2006). "As it Happens". CBC Radio. http://www.cbc.ca/radioshows/AS_IT_HAPPENS/20060407.shtml. Retrieved on 2006-08-11.
  20. ^ Michael, Ignatieff (April 5, 2007). "Getting Iraq Wrong". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/05/magazine/05iraq-t.html?_r=1&ex=1343966400&en=13354304. Retrieved on 2007-08-09.
  21. ^ Smith, Joanna (2008-06-03). "MPs vote to give asylum to U.S. military deserters". The Toronto Star. http://www.thestar.com/News/Canada/article/436575. Retrieved on 2008-07-19.
  22. ^ "Report - Iraq War Resisters / Rapport –Opposants à la guerre en Irak". House of Commons / Chambre des Communes, Ottawa, Canada. http://cmte.parl.gc.ca/cmte/CommitteePublication.aspx?SourceId=222011. Retrieved on 2008-06-09.
  23. ^ "Official Report * Table of Contents * Number 104 (Official Version)". House of Commons / Chambre des Communes, Ottawa, Canada. http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?Language=E&Mode=1&Parl=39&Ses=2&DocId=3543213#Int-2506938. Retrieved on 2008-06-09.
  24. ^ Paul, Derek (October-December 2000). "Review: Virtual War". Peace Magazine. http://www.peacemagazine.org/archive/v16n4p26.htm. Retrieved on 2006-08-11.
  25. ^ O'Neill, Juliet (17 October 2006). "Ignatieff against Canadian role in U.S. missile defence plan". Ottawa Citizen. http://www.canada.com/topics/news/politics/story.html?id=f56c529c-c7c8-4133-8f9f-69be8ed7f3d0&k=65028.
  26. ^ McQuaig, Linda (2007). "Sidekicks to American Empire". Random House. http://thetyee.ca/Books/2007/05/01/McQuaig.
  27. ^ "Worldbeaters: Michael Ignatieff". New Internationalist Magazine. 2005. http://www.newint.org/issue385/worldbeaters.htm.
  28. ^ a b Ignatieff, Michael (May 2, 2004). "Lesser Evils (Op-Ed)". New York Times Magazine. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9507E6DA1F3AF931A35756C0A9629C8B63&scp=1&sq=lesser%20evils%20Ignatieff&st=cse. Retrieved on 2006-09-24.
  29. ^ Gearty, Conor (January 2005). "Legitimising torture - with a little help". Index on Censorship: Torture - A User's Manual. http://www.indexonline.org/en/news/articles/2005/1/international-legitimising-torture-with-a-li.shtml.
  30. ^ Usborne, David (21 January 2006). "Michael Ignatieff: Under siege". The Independent. http://news.independent.co.uk/people/profiles/article340032.ece.
  31. ^ Ignatieff, Michael (April 2006). "If torture works...". Prospect. http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=7374.
  32. ^ Geddes, John (September 4, 2006). "Rainmaker's" Son Backs Ignatieff." Maclean's. Retrieved on: April 14, 2008.
  33. ^ CTV.ca News Staff (November 27, 2005). "Toronto group opposes Ignatieff's election bid". http://toronto.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20051127/ignatieff_election_051127/20051127/?hub=TorontoHome. Retrieved on 2006-04-20.
  34. ^ Newman, Peter C. (April 6, 2006). "Q&A with Liberal leadership contender Michael Ignatieff". Maclean's. http://www.macleans.ca/topstories/politics/article.jsp?content=20060410_124769_124769. Retrieved on 2006-04-20.
  35. ^ Elections Canada: 2006 Federal Elections Results
  36. ^ Geddes, John (March 29, 2006). "Bill Graham's big job". Maclean's. http://www.macleans.ca/topstories/politics/article.jsp?content=20060403_124360_124360. Retrieved on 2006-08-11.
  37. ^ O'Neil, J. (July 5, 2007). Ignatieff spent $2 million on his Liberal leadership campaign, papers show. CanWest News Service.
  38. ^ "Ignatieff admits gaffe over Mideast conflict". CTV. 10 Augusr 2006.
  39. ^ Bryden, Joan (12 October 2006). "Campaign organizer abandons Ignatieff over war crimes comment". Montreal Gazette. http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/story.html?id=80789bca-0e55-4e09-a027-9766b4deb520&k=3758.
  40. ^ "Cotler's wife quits Liberals over Ignatieff comments". Canadian Press. 13 October 2006.
  41. ^ Chris Wattie and Allan Woods, "Ignatieff fights back over Mideast", Calgary Herald, 14 October 2006, A13.
  42. ^ Louise Brown, "Ignatieff set to visit Israel", Toronto Star, 14 October 2006, A20.
  43. ^ "'Gesture' might have helped trigger Dion win". Canadian Press. 2 December 2006. http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20061202/liberal_balloting_061202/20061202?hub=TopStories.
  44. ^ Campbell, Clark (2 December 2006). "Dion surges to victory, defeating Ignatieff". The Globe and Mail. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20061202.wlibsfinalballot1202/BNStory/LiberalBackgrounder/home.
  45. ^ "Ignatieff Loses Bid for Party Leadership.". http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=516158.
  46. ^ "Ignatieff, Rae indicate they'll run in next election". CBC News. December 4, 2006. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2006/12/03/iggy-rae.html. Retrieved on 2006-12-04.
  47. ^ "Ignatieff tapped as Liberal deputy leader". CBC News Online. 18 December 2006. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2006/12/18/ignatieff.html.
  48. ^ Susan Delacourt (September 18, 2007). "Liberal grumbling began even before crushing loss." the star.com. Retrieved on: October 6, 2007.
  49. ^ a b Susan Delacourt (September 22, 2007). "The Liberal affliction: Runner-up syndrome." the star.com. Retrieved on: October 6, 2007.
  50. ^ Craig Offman (September 22, 2007). "Discreet signs of a mutiny.' The National Post. Retrieved on: October 6, 2007.
  51. ^ Ignatieff called to reassure Dion, offer help. Jane Taber. The Globe and Mail. September 19, 2007.
  52. ^ Canadian Press (September 28, 2007). "Ignatieff urges Libs to come together, says 'united we win, divided we lose.'" maclean's.ca. Retrieved on: October 6, 2007.
  53. ^ Whittington, Les (2008) Ignatieff vows a new course, Toronto Star, November 14, 2008
  54. ^ Ivison, John (2008) Ignatieff touted to lead Liberal-NDP coalition National Post, December 1, 2008
  55. ^ Gunter, Lorne (2008) Ignatieff is too smart to topple Harper The Edmonton Journal, December 18, 2008
  56. ^ "New Leader of Canada's Liberal Party says ready to form coalition". People's Daily. 2008-12-11. http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90852/6551205.html. Retrieved on 2008-12-25.
  57. ^ "New Leader of Canada's Liberal Party says ready to form coalition". People's Daily. 2008-12-11. http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90852/6551205.html. Retrieved on 2008-12-25.
  58. ^ "Rae dropping out of Liberal leadership race". CBC News. 2008-12-09. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2008/12/09/rae-liberals.html. Retrieved on 2008-12-09.
  59. ^ "Ignatieff slams Harper for 'failure to unite Canada'". CBC News. 2009-05-02. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2009/05/02/liberal-convention.html. Retrieved on 2009-05-03.
  60. ^ Official Report * Table of Contents * Number 025 (Official Version)
  61. ^ Clark, Campbell (May 19, 2006). "Vote divides Liberal hawks from doves". The Globe and Mail. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20060519.AFGHANLIBS19/TPStory/National. Retrieved on 2006-08-11.
  62. ^ CTV.ca News Staff (May 17, 2006). "MPs narrowly vote to extend Afghanistan mission". CTV.ca. http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060517/nato_afghan_060517/20060517?hub=CTVNewsAt11. Retrieved on 2006-08-11.
  63. ^ Rana, F. Abbas; Persichilli, Angelo, and Vongdouangchanh (May 22, 2006). "Afghanistan vote leaves federal Liberals flat-footed". The Hill Times. http://www.hilltimes.com/html/index.php?display=story&full_path=/2006/may/22/afghan/&c=1. Retrieved on 2006-08-11.
  64. ^ Bryden, John (May 18, 2006). "Harper may have used Afghan vote to ensare Ignatieff". The National Post. http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=07a874aa-4e70-488e-b622-ab611d640a09&k=26718. Retrieved on 2006-08-11.
  65. ^ Dubinski, Kate (May 20, 2006). "Challenges to unity many, Ignatieff says". The London Free Press. http://lfpress.ca/newsstand/News/National/2006/05/20/1589327-sun.html. Retrieved on 2006-08-11.
  66. ^ "Priority Policy Resolutions" (PDF). Liberal Party of Canada (Quebec). October 21, 2006. http://qc.liberal.ca/images/dir/RÉSOLUTIONS%20PRIORITAIRES%20(en).pdf. Retrieved on 2006-11-11.
  67. ^ "Rivals cool to Quebec 'nation' debate". The Toronto Star. October 30, 2006. http://www.thestar.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename=thestar/Layout/Article_PrintFriendly&c=Article&cid=1162162210312&call_pageid=1022181444328. Retrieved on 2006-11-11.
  68. ^ O'Neil, P. (August 21, 2006). Ignatieff calls for 'carbon tax' to aid climate. Vancouver Sun.
  69. ^ Whittington, L. (Feb 28, 2009). Dion's carbon tax plan was a vote loser, Ignatieff says. The Toronto Star.

[edit] External links

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Official sites

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Party political offices
Preceded by
Lucienne Robillard		 Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party of Canada
2006-2008		 Succeeded by
Position abolished
Preceded by
Stéphane Dion		 Leader of the Liberal Party of Canada
2008 - present		 Succeeded by
Incumbent
Political offices
Preceded by
Stéphane Dion		 Leader of the Opposition
2008 - present		 Succeeded by
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Friday, May 1, 2009

Same-sex marriages in Sweden are officially recognized May 1, :)

Same-sex marriages in Sweden are officially recognized in the country starting from May 1, 2009, following the adoption of a new, gender-neutral law on marriage by the Swedish parliament on April 1, 2009,[1] making Sweden the seventh country in the world to open marriage to same sex couples nationwide. Existing registered partnerships will remain in force, and can be converted to a marriage if the parties so desire, either through a written application or through a formal ceremony.







Background

Registered partnership in Sweden was introduced in 1995. In August 2006, a parliamentary committee described the civil union law as outdated and recommended that the government allow full same-sex marriage. In January 2007, the committee recommended allowing same-sex marriage, with the caveat that individual officials of religious institutions holding a license to perform legally binding marriages should be exempt from performing such marriages if they are against it. In March 2007, the Lutheran Church of Sweden announced that it approves of same-sex marriage.[2] The Church already performs blessings of civil unions. However, the Church will not use the term äktenskap ("marriage") as it believes this word should be reserved for marriage between a man and a woman. A government report published later in March 2007, written by former Chancellor of Justice Hans Regner, proposed that marriage be extended to same-sex couples.[3]

In the Swedish parliament there is an overwhelming majority for legalising same-sex marriages. Only one party of seven says no to legalising same-sex marriages. The parties in the parliament presented in order of size and their opinion of same-sex marriages:

[edit] Vote for the same sex marriage

Party In favour Seats in the Riksdag Position
Social Democratic Party Yes 130 Opposition
Moderate Party Yes 97 Coalition partner in the government
Centre Party Yes 29 Coalition partner in the government
Liberal People's Party Yes 28 Coalition partner in the government
Christian Democrats No 24 Coalition partner in the government
Left Party Yes 22 Opposition
Green Party Yes 19 Opposition
Final Verdict Member of Riksdag
Yes
  • 261
No
  • 22
Abstain
  • 16
Absent
  • 50

The government consists of Moderate Party, Centre Party, Liberal People's Party and the Christian Democrats. The Swedish minister of Justice, Beatrice Ask, who is responsible in the matter, reacted positively when the commission presented its result. The Moderate Party's leader and Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt is a liberal on matters pertaining to LGBT rights, voting for civil unions in 1994 when the mother party said no. How the legalising would end was not clear; one of the coalition partners is against the legalising. The leader of the Social Democratic Party had said that she would put forward a bill in the parliament itself if the government cannot unite in this matter.

In early October 2007, the Green Party, Left Party and Social Democratic Party said they would join forces to introduce an oppostion motion in parliament to legalize same-sex marriage.

On October 27, 2007, the Moderate Party formally backed same-sex marriages, meaning that the Christian Democrats, who are also in the coalition with the governing Moderate Party, would be the only party to oppose the law. Göran Hägglund, who is the leader of the Christian Democrats, stated on Swedish Radio: "My position is that I have been tasked by the party to argue that marriage is for men and women. ... When we discuss it between parties we are naturally open and sensitive to each other's arguments and we'll see if we can find a line that allows us to come together."[4]

On December 12, 2007, the Church of Sweden gave the green light for same-sex couples to wed in the church, but recommended the term "marriage" be restricted to opposite-sex couples. It was asked by the Government for its opinion on the matter before the introduction of legislation in early 2008. "Marriage and (same-sex) partnerships are equivalent forms of unions. Therefore the Church of Sweden's central board says yes to the proposal to join the legislation for marriages and partnerships into a single law," the Church said in a statement. "According to the Church of Sweden's board the word 'marriage' should however only be used for the relationship between a woman and a man," it said.[5]

On January 14, 2008, two leading politicians in the Christian Democrats took a position against the party and started to support same-sex marriage.[6]

Reports suggested the Government would table its same-sex marriage bill in early 2008, however, they had yet to propose a bill as of October 2008. This was likely due to the Christian Democrats' opposition from within the four-party centre-right governing coalition despite their being the only party opposing the move. After negotiations on a compromise broke down and facing a parliamentary ultimatum[7] in late October 2008, the government prepared to present its bill to a free vote; pending its passage, same-sex marriage may be legal in Sweden as of May 1, 2009.[8]

Status of legal recognition in Europe. Same-sex marriage recognized Other type of partnership recognized Unregistered cohabitation recognized Issue under political consideration Unrecognized or unknown Same-sex marriage banned

On 21 January 2009, a bill was introduced in the Swedish parliament to make the legal concept of marriage gender-neutral. The bill was passed on April 1 and took effect on 1 May.[9] The bill was supported by all parties except the Christian Democrats (Kristdemokraterna), a small right-wing party within the governing coalition.[10] It passed with 261 votes in favour, 22 votes against and 16 abstentions.[11]

[edit] Court challenge

On May 12, 2008, media sources reported that a married gay couple from Canada is challenging the Swedish Government in Federal Court, because it refused to recognize their relationship as a marriage.[12] Although a lower court – including the Court of Appeals – refused to hear the case, Sweden's highest court, the Supreme Administrative Court, agreed to accept the challenge. The couple argued that a same-sex marriage entered into in accordance with Canadian law should be recognized in Sweden, despite the fact that there is no legal basis for it under current Swedish law. On December 18, 2008, the Court ruled that the Swedish Tax Authority did not break any rules as the definition of marriage under Swedish law is the union of one man and one woman, and that same-sex relationships are to be recognized as a civil partnership.[13]

[edit] Opinion polls

A poll conducted by Angus Reid Global Monitor regarding European Union integration and attitudes on social issues, found Sweden with the second largest public approval ratings regarding the legalisation of same-sex marriage. It found that 71% of Swedes regard same-sex marriage as a viable option in the near future, and 51% of Swedes approve of adoption for same-sex couples.[14]

[edit] See also

LGBT portal

[edit] References

  1. ^ Gays Win Marriage Rights Sveriges Radio English, 1 April 2009
  2. ^ Swedish bishops say yes to gay church weddings
  3. ^ Inquiry gives green light to gay marriage
  4. ^ "6 of 7 Swedish Parties Back Gay Marriage". UPI.com. 2007-10-28. http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2007/10/28/6_of_7_Swedish_parties_back_gay_marriage/UPI-92351193549621/.
  5. ^ "Church of Sweden approves gay marriage law". The Local. 2007-12-07. http://www.thelocal.se/9387/20071212/.
  6. ^ "Kd-politiker går mot partiet". DN.se (Dagens Nyheter). 2008-01-14. http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=1042&a=732624.
  7. ^ Government rules out gay marriage compromise
  8. ^ Sweden sets date for gay church weddings
  9. ^ http://www.riksdagen.se/Webbnav/index.aspx?nid=45&sq=1&ID=rpjtok7D9_3_1B
  10. ^ http://www.thelocal.se/17050.html
  11. ^ Gays Win Marriage Rights, Sveriges Radio English, 1 April 2009
  12. ^ "Gay Couple Sues Swedish Government for Recognition". 2008-05-12. http://www.365gay.com/Newscon08/05/051208swe.htm.
  13. ^ High court rejects gay priest marriage case
  14. ^ "Eight EU countries back same-sex marriage". http://www.angus-reid.com/polls/view/eight_eu_countries_back_same_sex_marriage. Retrieved on 2008-05-15

Sweden says “I do” to same-sex marriage




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